アウンサンスーチーさんの勝利と、日本に逃れたビルマ難民の若者たち

1996年10月に衆議院議員になって以来、「ビルマの民主化」を求めてたちあがった青年たちの支援を続けてきました。
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11月8日に投票されたミャンマーの総選挙で、大きなドラマが生まれました。アウンサンスーチーさんの率いる国民民主連盟(NLD)が、2011年以降の政権を担当してきた与党・連邦団結発展党(USDP)を抑えて、圧勝確実の勢いとのニュースが伝えられています。ミャンマーでは、国軍による政治支配が半世紀にわたって続いてきましたが、NLDが単独過半数の議席を獲得して政権が交代し、民主化が大きく進む可能性が高くなっています。

ミャンマーで8日に投開票された総選挙で、アウンサンスーチー氏の野党・国民民主連盟(NLD)は10日までに、候補者に示された開票結果に基づき、国会上下院(民選枠定数498)の278議席で勝敗が判明し、その9割超の266議席を獲得したと発表した。NLDが第1党になるのは確実で、軍人枠を含む国会全体でも過半数に迫る勢いだ。(朝日新聞2015年11月10日)

私は、1996年10月に衆議院議員になって以来、「ビルマの民主化」を求めてたちあがった青年たちの支援を続けてきました(彼らは、軍事政権がつけた「ミャンマー」という国名を使いませんでした)。きっかけは、1996年12月のアウンサンスーチーさんと土井たか子さんの「電話対談」でした。

「第1回アジア人権賞」(参考図書:「アジア・ヒューマンライツ―アジア人権基金の歩み)の受賞者は、永六輔さんからの提案で、すでにノーベル平和賞を受賞していたアウンサンスーチーさん自身ではなく、「アウンサンスーチーさんと共に歩む人々」となりました。そこで、受賞記念に日本に亡命しているビルマの青年たちに、スーチーさんの肉声を届けるチャンスをつくろうという企画を持ちかけたのでした。日本での授賞式のステージ上からスーチーさんに電話をかけたところ、同志社大学に留学した経験もあるスーチーさんは、流暢な日本語で土井さんと挨拶を交わし、会場に集まったビルマの青年たちが耳を傾ける中で心中を語りました。通訳は国際政治学者の國弘正雄さんでした。

授賞式が終了した後、私はビルマ青年たち10数人から声をかけられました。かれらは、1988年のビルマ民主化運動をたたかい、身の危険を感じて日本に逃れてきた若者たちでした。彼らの訴えは切実でした。

「日本政府に難民申請をしているがなかなか認められない。難民申請をすると、オーバーステイ(超過滞在)となっているパスポートに『難民申請受理票』を貼り付けることができて、働く時に身分証明として使えました。ところが、難民申請を却下されてしまうとこの受理票をはがされてしまって、オーバーステイのパスポートだけになります。私たちは、難民申請の却下に対して『異議申し立て手続き』に入っていますが、異議申し立て中であることを証明する受理票はないので、働く時に困っています」という訴えでした。

国会議員になったばかりの当時の私は、衆議院の法務委員会に所属していました。法律をひもとくと、たしかに「難民申請」が不認定となった場合に「異議申し立て」が出来ると書いてありました。そこで、法務委員会で「難民申請中と、異議申し立て手続き中で、法的な身分の差異はあるか」と質問すると、「法的身分としての差異はない」との答弁がかえってきました。「それなら『異議申し立て手続き』の受理票は発行できるのではないか」と促しました。

2週間ばかりたった頃、先のビルマ青年から、はずんだ声で電話がありました。「私たちの弁護士事務所に希望者全員分の『異議申し立て中』の証明書が送られてきました。明日から安心して働けます」とのことでした。私も、たった1回の国会質問で法務省入管局の事務取扱いを変えられることを実感し、その後に真剣に国会での質問に取り組んでいくきっかけとなった出来事でした。それ以来、ビルマ青年たちとのつきあいが始まりました。難民申請がなかなか認められず、日本での生活も長期化する中で、かれらは都内のビルマ料理店に集まり、苦しい生活の現状や祖国への思いを語ってくれました。少し長くなりますが、ビルマ民主化運動の起源について、ビルマ現代史が専門の根本敬上智大学教授の解説を紹介します。

ビルマの民主化運動は、「ビルマ式社会主義」(Burmese Way to Socialism) という独特の社会主義体制に反対する運動から始まりました。それはネィウィン(Ne Win, 1911~2002)という独裁者に対する民衆の強烈な反発でもありました。(中略)ビルマ式社会主義は、軍がつくったビルマ社会主義計画党(Burma Socialist Programme Party:BSPP)の一党支配の下、極端な経済不振と、国軍将校を中心とする特権層の台頭、そして人権抑圧をもたらしたため、国民の不満を買い、それが1988年に爆発したのです。

ただし、1988年のある日に人々がいきなり立ち上がったというわけではありません。運動の直接のはじまりは、その年の3月、ラングーン工科大学の一部の学生が、体制に対して命がけの抵抗を始めたのがきっかけです。これにラングーン大学の学生が呼応し、大規模なデモに発展しましたが、治安警察によって発砲されたり撲殺されたり、警察車両内で窒息死させられたり、女子学生が獄中でレイプされたり、さまざまな弾圧を受けました。しかし、彼らは屈することなく運動を継続し、多くの大学生・高校生があとに続くようになり、同年8月には一般市民も合流するようになりました。

1988年の8月後半から9月前半にかけてクライマックスを迎えたこの運動は、初期の反ネィウィン闘争から、「複数政党制の実現」「人権の確立」「経済の自由化」を三本柱とする民主化闘争にその姿を変えていきました。首都ヤンゴンでは連日のように数十万人の人々がデモや集会に参加し、後にビルマの民主化運動を象徴する女性となるアウンサンスーチー(1945年生まれ)も、8月に学生たちに推される形で表舞台に登場します。地方都市でも状況は同じで、数多くの人々がそれぞれの地元で集会やデモに参加し、その嵐は農村部にまで及びました。まさに学生たちの始めた運動が全国規模の国民的運動へと発展していったのです。多くの人々は旧体制の崩壊と新しい体制の誕生を確信するようになりました。

しかし、同年9月18日、事態は急転直下、国軍による全権掌握という最悪の展開を見ます。国軍の幹部20名から構成される集団指導体制の軍事政権の成立が宣言され、それまで建前上は政治の表舞台に立つことのなかったビルマ国軍が、ビルマ社会主義計画党(BSPP)を解散して、今度は全面的に政治権力を行使することになったのです。当然それを認めない多くの学生や市民たちは引き続きデモを続けましたが、軍事政権は国軍部隊を大量に動員してデモ隊への水平射撃・無差別発砲を繰り返し、一週間余りの間に1000人前後の市民を傷つけ、民主化運動を封じ込めました。(根本敬「ビルマ民主化運動の背景」)

当時、出会った難民申請中のビルマ青年は、こうした民主化運動の先頭に立ってきた話をしてくれました。1990年5月には30年ぶりの総選挙が行なわれ、アウンサンスーチーさん率いるNLDが80%の議席を獲得し、圧勝するというドラスティクな結果が出ました。ところが、軍政はこの結果を受け入れずに「政権移譲の無期限延期」で対抗し、国会を開催しないという手段に打って出ました。

それから25年の歳月が流れています。アウンサンスーチーさんは、ビルマ民主化の最大のチャンスを結実させるために、今回の総選挙の結果にもとづいて慎重に政権移譲を求めていくでしょう。日本に逃れてきた当時は20代だったビルマ青年たちも50代にさしかかり、彼らの子どもたちが20代の若者となっています。「政権交代」と「民主化」の動向を見定めて、帰国をするべきかどうかを彼らが考え始めるのも近いかもしれません。(「難民の帰国を考える」難民支援協会)

「祖国の変化を待つ」には、長すぎる時間が経過しました。私が最も親しかったビルマの友人は、難民認定がなされない日本での生活をあきらめてアメリカで難民認定を受けて、新たな生活を始めました。また日本に亡命してきたビルマからの青年の中には、とりわけ迫害に苦しんできた少数民族であるロヒンギャ族の若者もいます。入国管理施設での劣悪な収容環境に苦しんでいるという訴えを聞いて、茨城県牛久市の東日本入国管理センター(外国人収容施設)まで面会に行ったこともあります。彼はやがて、日本で数少ない難民認定を得て、ロヒンギャ族に対する迫害について訴えています

民主化の進展と共に、NLDがロヒンギャ族などの少数民族に対しての権利保障を進めることも大きな課題になると考えています。世界各国のニュース映像に、最大都市ヤンゴンで、アウンサンスーチーさんの支持者が歓喜の声をあげる様子が流れています。ビルマ民主化運動の始まりから27年、日本にも「祖国の民主化」を願ってきた多くのビルマの人たちがいることを思い起こし、長い苦難の歴史を経て大きな希望の光がさしはじめていることを、共に喜びたいと思います。

1990年代に私の出会ったビルマ青年たちが、一途に願ってきた民主化の始まりをどのような気持ちで迎えているのかを想像してみると、再会するのが楽しみになります。今度こそ、歴史の扉が最後まで開くことをかれらと共に見届けたいと思います。

ミャンマー総選挙
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early voting results outside the NLD headquarters in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy Aung San Suu Kyi, with flowers in back of her hair, stands at a desk of a polling official at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi, is escorted through a crowd as she visits a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(33 of47)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi, is escorted through a crowd as she visits a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(34 of47)
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Voters line up to cast their ballots at a polling station during the general elections Sunday, Nov 8, 2015, in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(35 of47)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi visits a polling station on the outskirts Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(36 of47)
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People stand outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(37 of47)
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People stand outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(38 of47)
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A police officer stands guard as voters queue up outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(39 of47)
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Muslims stand in a line to cast their vote outside of a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(40 of47)
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Women stand in a line to enter a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(41 of47)
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People stand in a line to cast their vote outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(42 of47)
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Citizen\'s line up to vote at a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(43 of47)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early results of the ballot counting are posted on a giant screen outside the NLD headquarters Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(44 of47)
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A woman casts her vote in a polling station in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the military\'s longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Aung Shine Oo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(45 of47)
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An official of Union Election Commission displays ballot papers to representatives of political parties during the counting of votes at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(46 of47)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early voting results outside the NLD headquarters in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The Week That Was in Asia(47 of47)
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In this Nov. 8, 2015 file photo, Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, center, leaves after casting her ballot at a polling station in general election in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)