集団的自衛権で関心高まる「徴兵制」 韓国の徴兵拒否青年と雨宮処凛さんに聞く

国を守るために銃を取って戦うこと、それを拒むとはどういうことなのか。2015年1月に再来日した李イェダさんと、雨宮処凛さんに聞いた。

日本で「徴兵制の復活」を巡る議論が続く。安倍首相や自民党は否定しているが、安倍内閣が2014年夏に、集団的自衛権の憲法解釈変更を閣議決定し、与党内で法整備の議論が大詰めを迎えている。その先にある、若者が銃を取って戦うということが、現実味を帯びて語られ始めているとみられる。

【日本の徴兵制を巡る主な記事】

そんな中、徴兵制が残る韓国で、徴兵を拒否してフランスに亡命した李イェダさん(24)が2014年9月に日本外国特派員協会で講演し「日本の将来の人々のために、私の話が何らかの参考になれば」と語った。

日本に招いたのは作家・活動家の雨宮処凛さんだった。集団的自衛権の憲法解釈変更で、若者が銃を取って戦うことのリアリティーを掴もうと模索していた。

国を守るために銃を取って戦うこと、それを拒むとはどういうことなのか。2015年1月に再来日した李さんと、雨宮さんに聞いた。

アメリカ中央情報局(CIA)によれば、徴兵制があるのはイスラエルやキューバ、スイス、ノルウェー、北朝鮮、韓国など。多くの国では、人を殺す演習をしたくないなど「良心的兵役拒否」の代替措置として、政府機関や社会福祉施設などでの勤務を認めている。(たとえば、2011年に徴兵制を停止したドイツでは、兵役の代わりに社会福祉施設などでの奉仕活動を認めていて、実際に兵役に就く若者は2010年時点で約16%だった

北朝鮮と軍事的に対峙する韓国では、健康な男子に原則、約2年の兵役義務がある。韓国では「良心的兵役拒否」を認めておらず、拒否すればほぼ全員に1年から1年半程度、刑務所での懲役刑を課される。収監されている人数は、2015年2月現在で636人にのぼる。

■李イェダさん、徴兵拒否の原点は「手塚治虫の漫画」

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──なぜ徴兵を拒否したんですか?

最初に疑問に思ったのは、中学1年生の頃、友人から手塚治虫の漫画「ブッダ」を貸してもらって「転生輪廻」の考えを知ったんです。「食べるため、自らの命を守るために生き物を殺すのは理解できるが、単に『うるさい』という理由でハエや蚊を殺すのは根拠がない」と思うようになりました。満20歳(ただし大学生は卒業まで猶予)という徴兵の年齢が近づくにつれ、「銃を持って人を殺す職業に就く義務を果たさなければならないのか?」と悩むようになりました。先輩や友人に聞いてみましたが、「国を守るためだ」「義務だから」と、答えはどれも歯切れが悪いものでした。

高校卒業後、ソウル郊外の専門大学校(日本の短大に相当)に入学しました。多くの男子短大生は1年で休学して兵役に就いて、復学してから残りの1年で就職活動しますが、私は結局、軍隊に行かないまま卒業しました。在学中に、韓国の兵役拒否者の声を集めた本を読んだり、韓国軍の歴史を学んだりしました。光州事件などで民間人を弾圧し、ベトナムやイラクで外国人を虐殺してきた。「真に国民のための軍隊と言えるのか」と疑問が生じました。

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2010年4月15日、黄海で引き揚げられた韓国の哨戒艦「天安」

──入学したばかりの2010年4月には、黄海沖で韓国の哨戒艦「天安」が沈没しましたね。46人が死亡・行方不明になり、徴兵で従軍していた若者も多数含まれていました。心境に影響を与えましたか?

確かにありました。韓国政府は北朝鮮の攻撃と断定して、メディアや民間団体が死者を英雄視し、北朝鮮への敵対心が高まった時期です。戦争は簡単に起きると肌で感じましたし、軍隊が神聖で格好いいという社会の雰囲気が恐くなりました。

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2011年3月26日、天安艦沈没事件から1年を迎え、遺影の前で敬礼する元兵士

卒業後、自宅近くのネットカフェで時給4300ウォン(約465円)のアルバイトを始めたんですが、学歴社会の韓国では短大卒の就職先も限られるし、多くの企業や官公庁が「兵役満了」を就職の条件に定めています。兵役を拒否すればほぼ同期間を刑務所で過ごし、出所後は「前科者」になります。展望の開けない韓国社会が恨めしくなって、そんな韓国社会にインパクトを与えるには、国外脱出するしかないと思いました。兵役のない民主主義国で、難民申請中も収容所に入らなくて済み、社会福祉が整っている国を探して、最終的にフランスを亡命先に選びました。

──家族は反対しませんでしたか?

父は陸軍士官学校を出た元職業軍人だからか「お前が決めたことなら」と強く言いませんでしたが、母は激しく反対しました。「とにかく我慢して軍隊に行きなさい」「監獄に2年行けばまた会えるじゃないか」と泣き叫びました。でも最終的には航空券や当座の生活費を母が工面してくれました。2012年7月に観光名目で入国し、翌日、難民申請を支援するNGO「FTDA」にたどりついたんです。

難民申請のための臨時住所登録、医療保険の申請などを経て、11月にフランス難民・無国籍者保護局(OFPRA)の書類審査、2013年5月に面接を受けました。兵役を拒否して監獄行きになること、学んできた限りの韓国軍の実情を訴えたら、面接官は「北朝鮮ではなく韓国でそんなことが起きているのか」と皆驚いていましたね。約1カ月後に、難民として10年の滞在資格を得ました。申請期間中は仕事に就くことは認められていないんですが、ホームレスなど社会底辺層へ食事などを支援する「社会福祉センター」が充実していて、生活には困りませんでした。今はフランスで大学への編入をめざし、フランス語などの本格的な勉強に取りかかるつもりです。

──韓国では2014年春以降、20代兵士が先輩兵士らからいじめを受けて集団暴行死した事件や、兵役中の兵士が北朝鮮との軍事境界線近くで銃を乱射して同僚5人を射殺した事件などが立て続けに起きました。徴兵制そのものに疑問を投げかける議論も起きました。

徴兵制自体の見直しを迫る韓国内の意見は大きな声とはなりませんでした。軍は人権教育の強化など、不祥事を覆い隠すための小手先の議論に終始しました。軍隊に対する人々の意識は変わっています。徴兵の対象とのある若い世代が声を上げなければいけないと思います。

■雨宮処凛さん「戦争、徴兵、軍隊といった問題を身近なこととして捉えたかった」

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作家・活動家の雨宮処凛さんは2014年9月、李イェダさんを日本に招き、日本外国特派員協会で会見を開いたほか、特定秘密保護法に反対する集会や、トークイベントなどにも出席して発言した。

──なぜ、李イェダさんに関心を持ったのですか?

2014年8月に知人を通じて存在を知りました。すごく若いのに「人殺しは嫌だ」というシンプルな理由で亡命までした。そこに感動して、会ってみたいと思ったんです。すぐに「日本に来てくれ」と電話しました。

ちょうど、集団的自衛権の問題で、軍隊という存在が前よりほんの少しリアリティーを帯びてきた頃です。でも、危機感を覚える人と、そうでない人との乖離が激しくて、危機感のない人にどう伝えるか、悩んでいました。イェダさんの存在を知らせることで、戦争、徴兵、軍隊といったことが私たちにも身近な問題として捉えられるのではないかと思ったんです。

2008年に雑誌の企画で、以前から興味のあった韓国の徴兵制や、徴兵拒否者を支援する市民団体を取材したことがありました。軍隊内のいじめ、入営が嫌で自殺するとか、若者の問題として日本に共通点があると思い、とても親近感を感じていました。

その時に韓国の市民団体の人に言われたんです。「日本に憲法9条があることは素晴らしいけど、それがあるからこそ『反共ライン』が韓国に設定され、防衛を押し付けたことで、徴兵制が維持され続けている。日本にも関係する問題だと考えてほしい」と。それまで隣の国に徴兵制があることは知っていたけど、驚きでした。

──日本人にとって徴兵制は、まだ切迫した問題とは感じられていないような気もします。

確かに、具体的なリアリティーを持って迫っては来ないかもしれません。今は「イスラム国」の人質事件で、軍隊の海外派遣が「必要なんだろ」とか「海外の同胞を見殺しにするのか」という議論が起こったり、テロへの脅威をあおられて、漠然と恐怖を感じたりしている状況だと思います。では海外でどういうことが起きるのか、私も含め、先の先までイメージできる人は少ないと思います。

私自身、アメリカの経済的徴兵制(志願兵制度だが、失業や低賃金など経済的に恵まれない立場の若者が、生きるために仕方なく軍隊を志願すること)の実態を知識として知ってはいましたが、日本に置き換えたとき、どうなるか想像もつかない。

知らないから、まず是非を問う前に、実態を知り、それを共有したいと思いました。最も影響を受ける若い人たちに、人殺しが嫌で国を捨てた韓国の若者のことを、知ってほしかった。韓国では拒否したら裁判にかけられて懲役刑になることすら知りませんでしたし、良心的拒否もできない。なんて非人間的なシステムなんだと思いました。集会でイェダの話を聞いた若い人たちは、バンドができない、ケータイを持ち込めないなど、普通の若者のささやかな夢がかなえられないことに驚いていました。

──憲法改正を目指す動きは具体化していますが、自民党の憲法改正草案でも「徴兵制を採る考えはない」と解説しています

おそらく、「戦争する国・日本」へは、徐々に時間をかけて変わっていくでしょう。韓国の人にも言われました。「まずは国家による身体検査で、健康な人の情報を国が管理するところから始まるだろう」と。

大学生への経済的支援のあり方を話し合う文部科学省の有識者会議で、経済同友会の専務理事が、奨学金の返還に苦しむ大学卒業生を「防衛省でインターンシップをさせたらどうか」と発言したことが報道されました(東京新聞2014年9月3日付)。おそらく、かなり具体的に考えた上での発言でしょう。奨学生の1割以上が滞納している時代、「経済的徴兵制」とまったく同じだな、とゾッとしました。やがて年収200万円以下や無職といった人が非難される空気が作られていくかもしれない、とも思います。

日本は「徴兵」について、70年前のイメージで語ってしまうけど、世界ではずっと続いていた問題です。日本だけが平和であっても、世界ではずっと戦争や内戦が続いていました。2003年に日本政府がイラク戦争を支持した責任について、政治も国民もメディアも忘れていると思います。そういう世の中に、集団的自衛権の解釈変更で戦争が身近になり、憲法を変えようという動きも具体的になっている。国際情勢に無関心でいられた、特殊な時代が終わろうとしています。これからは、あえて意識的に考えないといけない時期に来ているような気がします。

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Demilitarized Zone Opens For Train Passage(23 of36)
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PAJU, SOUTH KOREA - MAY 17: South Korean soldiers open the gate for the Demilitarized Zone before a train moved toward the Demilitarized Zone on the way to North Korea on May 17, 2007 in Paju, South Korea. Two trains set out in each direction today, carrying passengers across the border for the first time in over 50 years, to test the restored tracks connecting the two Koreas. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Demilitarized Zone Opens For Train Passage(24 of36)
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PAJU, SOUTH KOREA - MAY 17: South Korean soldiers open the gate for the Demilitarized Zone before a train moved toward the Demilitarized Zone on the way to North Korea on May 17, 2007 in Paju, South Korea. Two trains set out in each direction today, carrying passengers across the border for the first time in over 50 years, to test the restored tracks connecting the two Koreas. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Demilitarized Zone Opens For Train Passage(25 of36)
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PAJU, SOUTH KOREA - MAY 17: South Korean soldiers check the fence before a train moves toward the Demilitarized Zone on the way to North Korea on May 17, 2007 in Paju, South Korea. Two trains set out in each direction today, carrying passengers across the border for the first time in over 50 years, to test the restored tracks connecting the two Koreas. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Demilitarized Zone Opens For Train Passage(26 of36)
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PAJU, SOUTH KOREA - MAY 17: South Korean soldiers check the fence before a train moves toward the Demilitarized Zone on the way to North Korea on May 17, 2007 in Paju, South Korea. Two trains set out in each direction today, carrying passengers across the border for the first time in over 50 years, to test the restored tracks connecting the two Koreas. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Demilitarized Zone Opens For Train Passage(27 of36)
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PAJU, SOUTH KOREA - MAY 17: South Korean soldiers open the gate to the Demilitarized Zone before a train moves toward the Demilitarized Zone on the way to North Korea on May 17, 2007 in Paju, South Korea. Two trains set out in each direction today, carrying passengers across the border for the first time in over 50 years, to test the restored tracks connecting the two Koreas. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
A US soldier monitors a target with his(28 of36)
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Pocheon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: A US soldier monitors a target with his anti-tank missile launcher during a mechanized military exercise at the Yeongpyeong River, in Pocheon near the DMZ, 18 October 2006, between the two Koreas. North Korea, 18 October told South Korea it was following a \'treacherous\' course towards war by complying with US-led international sanctions over the North\'s nuclear test. Rodong Sinmun, the newspaper of the ruling communist party paper, accused the South\'s government of betraying Koreans by ignoring national interests. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (Photo credit should read MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
A US soldier mans a machine gun during a(29 of36)
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Pocheon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: A US soldier mans a machine gun during a mechanized military exercise at the Yeongpyeong River, in Pocheon near the DMZ, 18 October 2006, between the two Koreas. North Korea, 18 October told South Korea it was following a \'treacherous\' course towards war by complying with US-led international sanctions over the North\'s nuclear test. Rodong Sinmun, the newspaper of the ruling communist party paper, accused the South\'s government of betraying Koreans by ignoring national interests. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (Photo credit should read MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
South Korean soldiers, camouflage a truc(30 of36)
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Pocheon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: South Korean soldiers, camouflage a truck during a mechanized military exercise at the Yeongpyeong River, in Pocheon near the DMZ, 18 October 2006, between the two Koreas. North Korea, 18 October told South Korea it was following a \'treacherous\' course towards war by complying with US-led international sanctions over the North\'s nuclear test. Rodong Sinmun, the newspaper of the ruling communist party paper, accused the South\'s government of betraying Koreans by ignoring national interests. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (Photo credit should read MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
South Korean soldiers, receive a briefin(31 of36)
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Pocheon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: South Korean soldiers, receive a briefing from an officer during a mechanized military exercise at the Yeongpyeong River, in Pocheon near the DMZ, 18 October 2006, between the two Koreas. North Korea, 18 October told South Korea it was following a \'treacherous\' course towards war by complying with US-led international sanctions over the North\'s nuclear test. Rodong Sinmun, the newspaper of the ruling communist party paper, accused the South\'s government of betraying Koreans by ignoring national interests. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (Photo credit should read MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
CORRECTION-CITY SPELLING IN IPTC FIELD(32 of36)
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Pocheon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: CORRECTION-CITY SPELLING IN IPTC FIELD A US tank commander sits atop his M1 Abrahams tank next to a South Korean crewman during a mechanized military exercise at the Yeongpyeong River, in Pocheon near the DMZ, 18 October 2006, between the two Koreas. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during a visit to Tokyo before heading to Seoul, called 18 October for all countries to ensure the \'swift implementation\' of sanctions on North Korea imposed by the UN Security Council. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (Photo credit should read MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
US M1 Abraham tanks during a mechanized(33 of36)
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Pocheon, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: US M1 Abraham tanks during a mechanized military exercise at the Yeongpyeong River, in Pocheon near the DMZ, 18 October 2006, between the two Koreas. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during a visit to Tokyo before heading to Seoul, called 18 October for all countries to ensure the \'swift implementation\' of sanctions on North Korea imposed by the UN Security Council. AFP PHOTO/Mark RALSTON (Photo credit should read MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
The entrance of an "intrusion tunnel" un(34 of36)
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Panmoonjeom, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: The entrance of an \'intrusion tunnel\' under the DMZ between South and North Korea is seen 27 September 2006 from its southern part. The DMZ, 241 kilometres (151 miles) long and four kilometres wide, has divided the Korean peninsula since 1953 when the Korean War ended in an armistice. A formal peace treaty was never signed, meaning the two sides remain technically at war. AFP PHOTO ERIC WISHART (Photo credit should read ERIC WISHART/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
A South Korean soldier is seen 27 Septem(35 of36)
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Panmoonjeom, REPUBLIC OF KOREA: A South Korean soldier is seen 27 September 2006 at the entrance of an \'intrusion tunnel\' under the DMZ between South and North Korea. The DMZ, 241 kilometres (151 miles) long and four kilometres wide, has divided the Korean peninsula since 1953 when the Korean War ended in an armistice. A formal peace treaty was never signed, meaning the two sides remain technically at war. AFP PHOTO ERIC WISHART (Photo credit should read ERIC WISHART/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Border Guards Protect Area Of Panmunjom(36 of36)
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PANMUNJOM, SOUTH KOREA - JUNE 15: A South Korean soldier uses a radio as he stands guard at the border village of Panmunjom, between South and North Korea, on June 15, 2005 in South Korea. The head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) urged North Korea to back away from its nuclear threat and asked Iran to improve cooperation with an IAEA investigation of its nuclear activities. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)