「爆弾ロボット」で容疑者を爆殺していいのか 論争が巻き起こる【ダラス警官銃撃】

「殺傷能力のあるAI(人工知能)監視ロボットが登場したら――そんな未来はもうすぐそこまで来ているのです」
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ダラス警察は2015年、爆発物があるとみられた車に接近するためロボットを使用した。

アメリカ・テキサス州ダラスで7月7日夜に発生した警官狙撃事件で、ダラス警察は容疑者を殺害するための手段としてアメリカの警察史上初めて、遠隔操作のロボットを使用した。

ニュースサイト「マッシャブル」によると、ダラス警察で採用されているロボットは通常、爆発物除去のために使用されている。しかし警察は、このロボットに爆弾を装着して容疑者のもとに向かわせ、容疑者を爆殺した。

ダラス警察のデービッド・ブラウン署長は記者団に「爆弾ロボットを使用し、容疑者がいるところで爆発させるために外縁部に爆破装置をつける以外、選択肢がなかった」と語った。

バード大学が運営するデータベースによると、連邦捜査局(FBI)も「Marcbot4」というロボットを使用しているという。これは爆発物除去専用として製造されたものだ。

以下の動画で、外観を見てみよう。

ダラス警察はハフポストUS版の取材に、詳細な情報を提供しなかった。一方、科学ニュースサイト「ポピュラーサイエンス」によると、ダラス警察は2015年の抗議デモで、爆発物があるとみられた車に近づくため「Remotec」という、爆弾除去ロボットとは違うロボットを使用していたという。ニュースサイト「Vice」によると、このロボットの開発元である軍事技術企業「ノースロップ・グルマン」の広報担当者は、警察の爆弾処理班の90%以上がRemotecを使用していると語っている。

ノースロップ・グルマン社はハフポストUS版の取材にコメントを拒否した。

今回の事件で使用されたロボットがMarcbot4なのかRemotecであるかに関わらず、いくつか大事な点を強調しておきたい。ロボットはドローンではないし、自動操作でもない、そして殺人目的で開発されたものでもない。ラジコンカー「Tyco R/C」が巨大化して複雑になったものだと考えればよい。

Quartz Technologyのマイク・マーフィー記者が次のようにツイートしている。

これは殺人ロボットなどではない。本当だ。—機能としてはスケボーに爆弾を付けたものだ。

そうだとしても、警察は容疑者を殺害するつもりでロボットを採用したという事実は残る。これは一部の人が述べているように、銃の発砲に関する倫理的な話とはまったく別のところで、ロボットを殺傷能力のある武器として使用したという懸念が残る前例を作ってしまったことを意味する。

カリフォルニア大学デービス校で警察業務とテクノロジーの関係を専門としているエリザベス・ジョー教授はハフポストUS版に、「警察が武力行使する法的根拠は、人間に切迫した脅威があるという、人間の意思決定が前提となっています。警察が容疑者から遠く離れたところにいる場合、脅威があると言えるのか? "客観的にみて合理的な"殺傷能力のあるロボットの力とはどのようなものでしょうか?」と語った。

ジョー教授は、今回使用されたロボットが複雑な殺人マシーンでなかったことは認めているが、容疑者の殺害にロボットを採用したことによって今後、外部から監視されることなくさらに進化した兵器を警察が容易に使用できるようになるだろうと話している。つまり、警察は爆弾除去ロボットを爆弾搬送ロボットに変えてしまったことになる。

「今回使用されたものは何にでも利用できるロボットのように見えます。では、殺傷能力のある初のAI(人工知能)監視ロボットを当局が購入したら何が起こるでしょうか? 明確な答えはありませんが、そんな未来はもうすぐそこまで来ているのです」とジョー教授は語った。

殺傷能力のあるロボットが実際に人命を救助できた事例を挙げる人もいる。ロボティクス専門家のロナルド・アーキン氏は、ハフポストUS版の取材に、「理論的には、このような自動ロボットは特定の状況で人命保護のために活用できる」と述べている。

「希望があるとすれば、システムが適切に設計されるか、適切に利用されるとみられる状況で本当に利用されるかにかかっています。そうすれば、市民が巻き添えの被害をかなり削減できるでしょう」と、アーキン氏は語った。

ダラスの「ロボット爆弾」については今後さらに詳しい情報が出てくるはずだが、ひとつ言えることがある。いま、倫理的な懸念に対応しておくのには意味がある。今回のようなマシンが通りを動き回り、上空を飛行するようになる前に。

ハフポストUS版より翻訳・加筆しました。

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