「配偶者控除」見直し2017年度税制改正で 「専業主婦厚遇」論争再び?

旧民主党政権時代には主婦層の反発受け断念していた。
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自民党の宮沢洋一税調会長が8月30日に掲載された読売新聞などのインタビューで2017年度税制改正での配偶者控除の見直しについて言及したことから、配偶者控除の行方に注目が集まっている。旧民主党政権時代には実質的に増税になる可能性がある専業主婦と共働き家庭との公平感をめぐって論争を巻き起こした末、見直しが断念された経緯もある。今度は、どんなものになるのだろうか。

■配偶者控除などで「働き損」年収ゾーンが存在

税の配偶者控除は、1961年に創設された。

配偶者がパートタイムなどで収入があった場合でも、給与が年間103万円以下であれば控除が受けられ、所得税を支払わなくてもよいという制度だ。そのため、フルタイムで働く夫(もしくは妻)と、専業主婦(夫)もしくはパートの配偶者という家族に対して有利な制度になっている。

見直しで問題視されているのは、この「103万円の壁」があるために働く時間を抑制する人が多く、働き手の不足や税収減を招いているという点。103万円を超えた場合の調整目的で、配偶者特別控除という制度も作られており、この特別控除の上限のため「141万円の壁」とも呼ばれる。

実際に、厚生労働省の2011年の調査では、配偶者がいるパート女性は21.0%が「就業調整をしている」 と回答。調整の理由で最も多い回答は「自分の所得税の非課税限度額(103 万円)を超えると税金を支払わなければならないから」が61.5%だった。

国税庁の調査では2014年度の配偶者控除の適用人数は約1400万人で、年間約6000億円の税収減となっていると推計している。

■代わりに「夫婦控除」導入を検討

現在の安倍政権下での配偶者控除見直しは「女性の就労拡大を抑制している」として安倍首相が2014年3月の経済財政諮問会議で見直しを指示し、議論が本格的に始まった。2016年6月に政府が策定した「一億総活躍プラン」では、緊急実施項目として以下の項目が設けられている。

女性・若者・高齢者・障害者等の活躍促進

就労促進の観点から、いわゆる 103 万円、130 万円の壁の原因となっている税・社会保険、配偶者手当の制度の在り方に関し、国民の間の公平性等を踏まえた対応方針を検討する。

代わりに導入が検討されているのが「夫婦控除」だ。これは、新たに夫婦の合計の収入が一定よりも低い世帯が控除対象となって、税制上の優遇を設けるもの。この制度であれば、家族の形に関係なく、年収の低い共働き世帯に対する優遇も兼ねる策となるが、現状で控除を受けている多くの世帯にとって実質的に増税になるとの懸念もある。

■「専業主婦論」沸騰し、民主党政権で立ち消えに

配偶者控除の見直しは、家族の形に踏み込む議論になりがちだ。民主党政権下では2009年のマニフェストに書かれていたにも関わらず、主婦層の反発が強く実現できなかった

当時、廃止論者は「専業主婦優遇策」などと指摘していた一方で、「専業主婦狙い撃ちの増税」との声もあった。マニフェストでは「子供手当の財源」として書かれていたが、子供手当が導入されたにも拘わらず、控除見直しは実現しなかった。

当時の朝日新聞デジタルは「専業主婦の存在意義に理解を」との見出しで掲載された投書を掲載したことを報じた。

岡田克也副総理(当時)は「書いてできなかった最大のものは配偶者控除の廃止。党の中で一致に至らなかった。見通しが甘かった」と答えたという。

なお、自民党は逆に2013年の政策集で「配偶者控除維持」を掲げていたが、2014年政策集では言及が消えている。

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