ガザ紛争から1年~今度こそ戦争犯罪は裁かれるのか~

ガザ紛争からほぼ1年、国連の独立調査委員会による報告書がようやく公表された。この手の報告書は繰り返し出されたが、国際社会は、手をこまねいているだけだった。
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イスラエル軍による空爆で瓦礫となった自宅から家財道具を探すパレスチナの男性。2014年8月7日撮影 ガザ ©UN PhotoShareef Sarhan

2014年7月に再び起きたガザ紛争。ほぼ1年が経った今年6月22日、国連の独立調査委員会による報告書がようやく公表された。2008年以来、この手の報告書は繰り返し出されたが、国際社会は戦争犯罪を裁こうとせず、手をこまねいているだけだった。

パレスチナが国際刑事裁判所に加盟した今、新たな報告書は最大限に生かされるべきだ。

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2014年7月8日にイスラエル軍が「境界防衛」作戦を開始し、ガザ地区が容赦ない攻撃に襲われた様子を記憶している人も多いだろう。50日間にわたる紛争で、ガザでは1,500人以上の市民が命を奪われ、約11万人が家を失った。一方、パレスチナ武装グループによるロケット弾と迫撃砲弾で、イスラエルでも6人の民間人が殺された。

紛争が激しさを増す中、国連人権理事会は独立調査委員会を立ち上げ、2014年6月13日に始まった軍事作戦における国際人権法と人道法違反を調べる決議を採択した。

紛争下であっても守るべきルールを定めたものが、国際人道法だ。その重大な違反行為、例えば民間人や民間施設を故意に、あるいは無差別に攻撃するようなことは戦争犯罪と見なされる。

予想されていたものの、イスラエルは調査への協力を一切拒否し、委員会メンバーが現地に入ることを認めなかった。こうした困難にも屈せず、委員会はスカイプやビデオ会議、電話などを駆使して被害者や目撃者など280人以上から聞き取りを行った。アムネスティによる報告書も、重大な人権侵害があった証拠を裏付ける資料として活用された。

180ページを超える報告書は、イスラエル軍による空爆や地上戦、パレスチナ武装グループによるトンネルを利用した攻撃など、双方の敵対行為に国際人権法と人道法の違反行為があったことを明らかにしている。

イスラエル軍については、一家全員が死亡するなど民間人犠牲者を大量に出したガザの集合住宅への空爆や、人口密集地で迫撃砲などを大量に用いた地上戦、病院や避難施設などへの攻撃について、戦争犯罪に該当する可能性を指摘している。また、こうした攻撃を許した軍事方針そのものが国際人道法違反ではないかと、イスラエル軍上層部の責任について示唆している。

■□■ パレスチナの決断 ■□■

国連による調査の一方で、パレスチナ側に大きな動きがあった。国際刑事裁判所(ICC)への加盟である。

ICCは、人道に対する罪や戦争犯罪など国際法上最も重大な人権侵害を、国境を越えて裁く常設の刑事裁判所だ。とはいえ、ローマ規程という国際条約を批准していない国で起きた犯罪/国籍を持つ者の犯罪は裁けず(その国や国連安保理が認めれば別だが)、批准していてもあくまで国内法で対処することが基本で、国の能力や意思の欠如でそれが難しい場合だけICCで扱うというように、重大な人権侵害すべてを裁くわけではない。

遡って2009年、パレスチナは、2008年末から22日続いたガザ紛争での人権侵害を何とかICCに持ち込もうとした。しかしICC検察局は、パレスチナが国家として認められない限りそれらの犯罪捜査は進められない、と結論付けている。

その後、イスラエルや米国などから妨害を受けながらも、パレスチナは国連に「国家」としての地位である「非加盟オブザーバー国」の資格を申請、2012年11月に国連総会で承認を受けた。パレスチナが国際条約を批准できるようになった歴史的な瞬間である。

そうした中で2014年12月31日、アッバス大統領はICC加盟文書に署名し、2015年4月1日に正式に加盟した。それに先立つ1月、ICC検察局はパレスチナ情勢に関する予備的調査を開始すると表明した。

■□■ 不処罰の連鎖を断ち切るために ■□■

パレスチナがICCに加盟したことで、パレスチナにおける戦争犯罪や人道に対する罪を裁ける可能性がかつてないほど高まっている。もちろん、ハマスなどパレスチナ武装グループによる犯罪も捜査と訴追の対象になる。ICC加盟は、それを承知した上でのパレスチナの決断といえる。

もちろん、簡単に事が進むとは思えない。イスラエルや米国、カナダ、EU諸国は、パレスチナがICCに加盟しないよう圧力をかけてきたし、捜査や訴追を阻もうとする動きはさらに出てくるだろう。

その一方で、不処罰の連鎖をこれ以上放置するな、という怒りの声も米国やEU諸国の市民の中でこれまで以上に広がっている。今回の国連報告書は、ICCの捜査開始につなげる絶好の機会なのだ。

ガザ紛争から1年が経った今、私たちはあらためて国際社会に声を大にして訴える。

「不処罰の連鎖を断ち切れ」と。

(アムネスティ・インターナショナル日本)

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▽ 講演会+キャンドル・ウォーク@渋谷 ガザ紛争から1年 ~国連はなぜ解決できないのか~

・ 講演とパネル・ディスカッション/15:00~17:45(ゲスト・スピーカー:高橋宗瑠氏)

・ キャンドル・ウォーク ~ガザの人々とともに/18:30~19:30

(コース:渋谷区宮下公園出発→表参道→渋谷駅前→神宮通公園解散 [予定] )

■ 開催日:2015年7月25日(土)

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★ 詳細はこちら

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ガザ、イスラエル。悲しむ人々
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