「1日中、食べて寝るだけの生活」 ドイツの小さな村で絶望する難民たち

ドイツの難民問題は、ベルリンやミュンヘンのような大都市だけでなく、こんな小さな村でも十分に実感できる。
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2015年にドイツに流入した難民の数は100万人を超えた。宗教、言語、価値観の異なる多くの人々を受け入れるさなか、昨年の大晦日にはケルンで集団窃盗・性的暴行事件が起きた。容疑者の過半数は難民申請中だったとされ、被害届は600件以上に上っている。

辛苦の旅を経てドイツで笑顔を見せた難民たちはいまどんな日々を送っているのか。ケルン集団暴行事件の背景とは――。難民受け入れ施設を取材した在独ジャーナリストの田中聖香さんが、ドイツが直面する本当の危機をレポートする。

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2015年9月、ドイツのミュンヘン中央駅に到着した難民たち

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ドイツに入国した難民の家族

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ドイツのメルケル首相の写真を掲げる男性

………

私はドイツの西部にある、人口1万人の小さな村に住んでいる。ドイツの難民問題は、ベルリンやミュンヘンのような大都市だけでなく、こんな小さな村でも十分に実感できる。ドイツに入国した難民たちは、最初の登録後、全国津々浦々の自治体へと移管されていくからだ。

わが村でも、このところアラブ系らしい人の姿が急に目につくようになった。ほとんどは若い男性である。彼らは、ときには路上で群れをなしてふざけたり、明らかに献品と思われる小さな自転車を乗り回したりしている。スーパーの駐車場で、そんな1人が子供の写真を見せながら「お金が要るんです」と英語で話しかけてきたこともあった。

■小さな村の受け入れ施設に暮らす難民たちはいま

2015年10月、彼らが滞在する施設を取材するため、村の広報部にコンタクトした。難民受け入れ担当者は、「毎日のように州から新しい割り当て要請が来る。施設の収容能力はもう限界。私たちスタッフも週末返上で働いています」と疲労の色が濃い。翌週、村に3カ所ある施設のうちの1つを訪ねた。

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受け入れ施設の外観。老朽化した州の施設を転用したもの。

男性だけが47人暮らす建物の内部は、朝10時というのに、妙に静かだ。寝室のひとつを見ることを許され、そっとのぞくと、まだ眠っている人がかなりいた。起きてもすることがないからだろう。

シリア、イラク、パキスタン出身の3人の男性が取材に応じてくれた。3人とも難民申請中だ。異口同音に「ドイツという国には感謝している」と言いながら、「元調理師なので働きたいが、労働許可がないので働けない」「裁判所の難民申請審査で、1年後にまた来いと言われて絶望した。申請者が多すぎるからと」「1日中、食べて寝るだけの生活」などと、それぞれの心情を淡々と話す。

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寝室は2〜6人部屋。プライバシーの確保は難しい。

施設内では、アルコールが入ると喧嘩沙汰になることも少なくないという。難民申請審査に時間がかかるため、「ドイツ人の女性と結婚するのが早道だと考える者もいる」という情報もあった。家族と別れ母国を離れる辛苦を体験してドイツにやってきた彼らは、不安定な状況で、政府からのわずかな手当以外には収入もなく、働けないので将来の見通しも持てない。私たちの想像を絶する不安や鬱屈がたまっているに違いない。

■ケルン集団暴行事件の種は、すでに潜在していた

取材後も彼らのことを思い出しては同情していた矢先、2015年の大晦日に「ケルン集団窃盗・性的暴行事件」(ケルン集団暴行事件)が発生した。1月中旬までに600件以上の被害届が出され、30人の容疑者のうち、25人がモロッコとアルジェリアの出身で、難民申請中の者もいたことが判明している。大晦日の夜には、ケルンだけでなくドイツ全国の都市部で同様の事件が起こり、連邦刑事局の発表によると、事件数は全国計で680件にも上っている。

ケルン集団暴行事件には私も大きな衝撃を受けたが、同時に取材の経験から、事件の種はすでに潜在していたのだという気持ちも抱いた。それでなくても、全国の難民滞在施設の内部では殺人や性的暴行が、そして公共の場所では難民申請者による女児への痴漢行為や、公営プールで泳ぐドイツ女性たちへの性的嫌がらせ事件などが続発していたのだ。

■ドイツに入国した難民の多くは、30歳以下の若者たち

2015年にドイツに入国した約110万人の難民の7割近くは男性であり、7割以上が30歳以下の若者である。その中の一部の若者たちが、アルコールの勢いを借りて自制心をなくし、法治国家のドイツにおいて許されない犯罪行為に走った。

伝統的なイスラムの価値観では、男性が家長として家族を支配し、女性は受動的な存在にすぎない。女性は男性との自由な交際を禁じられ、婚前交渉は絶対に禁物とされている。この規範に従わない女性は「不名誉」「家の恥」などとされ、彼女たちへの暴力の行使も受容されるという。

異文化摩擦を専門とするトルコ出身の教育学者アーメット・トプラック氏は、ツァイト紙にて「(ケルン事件に関与した)男たちにとって、仕事でもプライベートでも自由を謳歌するドイツの女性たちは、不名誉な存在と映ったのではないか」との見方を示し、事件の背景にイスラム的な男女観があったことを示唆した。

■「難民たちの90%は十分な職業資格を持っていない」

ドイツ社会と難民たちの間のあつれきは、性のとらえ方だけではない。難民たちの教育や職業訓練の水準が、概してドイツのそれより低いことも大きな問題になっている。

難民たちが難民申請を認められて正式な滞在権を与えられれば、労働も許される。彼らが本当の意味で社会に融合するためにも、経済的自立は不可欠だ。 しかしフタを開けてみると、ドイツの産業界で通用する専門スキルをもつ人はとても少なかった。

バイエルン州経済省のイルゼ・アイクナー大臣は事件後の1月8日、「難民たちの90%は十分な職業資格を持っていない」と述べた。彼らの中には読み書きができない人さえ混じっている。アフガニスタンやソマリアといった国の識字率は40%以下だ。私が取材したパキスタン人の男性も自分の名前が書けなかった。

■難民の失業者は、社会保障費の給付対象に

ドイツの労働市場で専門職が不足している一方、「難民」から「移民」となった人たちの大部分が探しているのは単純労働で、その求人案件はむしろ少ない。実際に仕事が見つからなければ、失業者として社会保障費の給付対象となる。

ヴェルト紙によると、ケルン経済研究所(IW)の試算では、今年は約120万人の移民が失業者として登録すると予想され、彼らに対する社会保障費の給付総額は年間140億ユーロ(約1兆8000億円)にも達するという。

ドイツ産業界は国民の少子高齢化を背景に、2015年秋の時点では労働力としての難民流入を歓迎していたが、期待していた経済効果よりも出費が先行することになりそうだ。

ドイツ政府は、難民の無制限受け入れを表明する前に、これらの「リスク評価」を徹底的に行っていたのだろうか。ケルンの事件後、難民たちに対する市民の気持ちが、同情から反感のほうに大きく傾いてしまったことは否めない。

1月15日発表されたドイツ公共第一放送による世論調査調査では、メルケル首相の難民政策を支持する国民の比率は事件後44%まで下がり、支持しない層が51%で初めて過半数を超えた。

それでも、私の周りのドイツ人たちは、引き続きボランティアとして難民たちにドイツ語を教えたり、にこやかに子供たちの世話をしたりしている。パトカーの出動が急に増えたことを気にしながら、村人たちは犯罪とは関わりのない大部分の難民たちと、手探りで交流を続けている。

(田中聖香)

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ドイツ・ケルンの反難民デモ(2016年1月9日)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09 : Women and men protest against racism and sexism in the wake of the sexual assaults outside the Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, 09 January 2016. ( AA - Mesut Zeyrek ) (Photo by Mesut Zeyrek/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09 : Women and men protest against racism and sexism in the wake of the sexual assaults outside the Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, 09 January 2016. ( AA - Mesut Zeyrek ) (Photo by Mesut Zeyrek/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09 : Women and men protest against racism and sexism in the wake of the sexual assaults outside the Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, 09 January 2016. ( AA - Mesut Zeyrek ) (Photo by Mesut Zeyrek/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09 : Women and men protest against racism and sexism in the wake of the sexual assaults outside the Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, 09 January 2016. ( AA - Mesut Zeyrek ) (Photo by Mesut Zeyrek/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: A flashmob gather in front of Cologne Cathedral, next to Hauptbahnhof main railway to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)
Women Protest Cologne Sex Attacks(27 of31)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: A flashmob gather in front of Cologne Cathedral, next to Hauptbahnhof main railway station to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)
Women Protest Cologne Sex Attacks(28 of31)
Open Image Modal
COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: A flashmob gather in front of Hauptbahnhof main railway station to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)
Women Protest Cologne Sex Attacks(29 of31)
Open Image Modal
COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: A flashmob gather in front of Hauptbahnhof main railway station to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)
Women Protest Cologne Sex Attacks(30 of31)
Open Image Modal
COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: Protesters wearing green rabbit ears gather in front of Cologne Cathedral, next to Hauptbahnhof main railway station to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)
Women Protest Cologne Sex Attacks(31 of31)
Open Image Modal
COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: Protesters gather in front of Hauptbahnhof main railway station to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)