広島の原爆投下から70年、設計した父が願った核廃絶

70年前、父ポール・オラムはニューメキシコのアラモゴードの近くの砂漠で同僚たちと立っていた。
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Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945 as a result of the Manhattan Project, in the Jornada del Muerto desert, New Mexico, at the new White Sands Proving Ground. Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed 'The Gadget'.. (Photo by Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images)
Universal History Archive via Getty Images

70年前、父ポール・オラムはニューメキシコのアラモゴードの近くの砂漠で同僚たちと立っていた。2年半を費やして新しい兵器となる最初の原爆を設計し、威力を発揮するかどうかをその眼で見ようと待っていた。光が空を覆い、その後に巨大なキノコ雲が現われた。プロジェクトは成功だった。父たちは地球上で最も強力な兵器を設計し、作り上げた。

3週間後の1945年8月6日、アメリカは広島に原爆を投下した。そしてその3日後、もうひとつの原爆が長崎に投下された。2つの原爆はあっという間に10万人以上もの命を奪い、さらに10万人近くの人たちがその後被曝によって死亡している。父は広島への原爆投下に対して複雑な気持ちだった。原爆は早く戦争を終結させるものと思われたが、それによって失われる命があまりに多すぎた。そして父は、長崎への原爆投下は良心を欠くものだと感じた。3日間というインターバルは、投降するには短すぎるからだ。

長崎への原爆投下の6日後、日本は投降すると発表した。第二次大戦は終結したが、核武装の競争が始まった。父はその後、核兵器の管理と縮小をずっと訴えていくこととなった。

1980年代までに、アメリカとソ連はいずれも、広島と長崎に投下された原爆よりもはるかに強力な「発射可能な」戦略核兵器を2万7000発ほど保有していた。どちらの国にも人類を何回も滅ぼすのに十分な核があった。

父が母ヴィヴィアンとともにロスアラモスに向かったのは1943年、わずか24歳であった。戦争が終わった後、彼はコーネル大学の数学教授という素晴らしいキャリアに就き、後にオレゴン大学の学部長、そして大学総長となっている。しかし何をしていても、父は核兵器の恐ろしさと軍縮の重要性について話す責任を感じていた。

1983年、ポールとヴィヴィアンは原爆が設計されたロスアラモス国立研究所の創立40周年記念式典に招待された。2人は人類を滅ぼしかねない核兵器の保有につながる、原爆の元凶となったこの建物を祝う気分にはなれなかった。ポールは核武装競争を終わらせ、恒久的な核兵器の廃絶を訴える嘆願書を書いた。嘆願書には5人のノーベル賞受賞者を含めて70人の科学者が署名をし、広く公表された。科学者たちは「心から人類の未来が恐ろしくなった」と書いている。

父と他の多くの人たちの努力により、核武装競争にターニングポイントが訪れた。アメリカとソ連、後のロシアの間で条約が結ばれ、核弾頭数の減少と、発射可能な状態からの退役が始まった。2001年に父が亡くなった時には、発射可能な戦略核弾頭の総数は1万4000発まで減少していた。2011年に発効した新START(第4次戦略兵器削減条約)で、アメリカとロシアは今後の戦略核弾頭の配備の総数を3000発まで減らす予定だ。しかし文明を滅ぼすには、これでもまだ十分な数である。

残念ながら、核兵器の恐ろしさは人々の意識から消えてしまったようだ。おそらく気候変動への懸念が核の恐怖に取って代わってしまったのかもしれない。気候変動は非常に深刻な脅威だが、脅威の性質としては別物だ。気候変動で数十年の間に何十億もの人が死亡し、世界に人が住めなくなってしまうかもしれない。核戦争ではあっという間に何十億もの人が死亡し、世界全体が放射性降下物と核の冬(都市が燃えていることで成層圏にまで煤煙が届き、その結果引き起こされる深刻な地球寒冷化の現象)によって人が住めなくなってしまうかもしれない。

なので、核軍縮を継続していくことは重要だ。でないと、アメリカとロシアは今にも新しい核武装競争を始めてしまうかもしれない。現在のアメリカの計画では新しい核弾頭とミサイル、爆撃機とそれを運ぶ潜水艦を含め、今後30年以上に総額で1兆ドルの予算が充てられている。この巨額の投資でアメリカが安全になるわけではない。我々の現在の核保有の目標は、抑止力として必要なところをはるかに超えたところにある。そうでないとこれらの核兵器がいつか悪い人間の手に渡ってしまった時、意図的に、偶然に、使われるリスクが高くなってしまう。

もうたくさんだ。父がロスアラモスで書いた核軍縮の嘆願書から30年以上経ったが、未だに核兵器は人類の存在を脅かす脅威となっている。核兵器を廃絶する時がやって来ている。そうすれば今から30年後、子供たちに「100年ほど前に、私たちの祖父ポール・オラムがニューメキシコのアラモゴードの近くの砂漠で立っていた...」というブログを書く必要がなくなる。

MANHATTAN PROJECT
Trinity Test 70th Anniversary(01 of17)
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FILE - This July 16, 1945 photo, shows an aerial view after the first atomic explosion at Trinity Test Site, N.M. Thursday, July 16, 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the Trinity Test in southern New Mexico comes amid renewed interest in the Manhattan Project thanks to new books, online video testimonies and the WGN America drama series âManhattan.(AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Trinity Test 70th Anniversary(02 of17)
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FILE - This Oct. 15, 1965 photo shows a \"Fat Man\" nuclear bomb of the type tested at Trinity Site, N.M, and dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945, on view for the public at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Museum. Thursday, July 16, 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the Trinity Test in southern New Mexico comes amid renewed interest in the Manhattan Project thanks to new books, online video testimonies and the WGN America drama series âManhattan. (AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Trinity Test 70th Anniversary(03 of17)
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FILE - This July 16, 1945 photo, shows the mushroom cloud of the first atomic explosion at Trinity Test Site, New Mexico. Thursday, July 16, 2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the Trinity Test in southern New Mexico comes amid renewed interest in the Manhattan Project thanks to new books, online video testimonies and the WGN America drama series âManhattan.(AP Photo, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Manhattan Project Fermi(04 of17)
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Dr. Enrico Fermi, leader of the group of scientists who succeeded in initiating the first man-made nuclear chain reaction is picture in an undated photo. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Atomic Bomb History-Oppenheimer(05 of17)
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FILE-This Dec. 15, 1957 file photo Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, creator of the atom bomb, is shown at his study in Princeton University\'s Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. The U.S. Department of Energy has declassified documents related to the Cold War hearing on Oppenheimer who directed the Manhattan Project and was later accused of having communist sympathies. The department last week released transcripts of the 1950s hearings on Oppenheimer\'s security clearance, providing more insight into the previously secret world that surrounded development of the atomic bomb. (AP Photo/John Rooney, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Atomic Bomb History-Oppenheimer(06 of17)
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FILE-This Oct. 17, 1945 file photo Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer of the New Mexico laboratories of the atomic bomb making project, testifies before the Senate Military Affairs Committee in Washington. The U.S. Department of Energy has declassified documents related to the Cold War hearing on Oppenheimer who directed the Manhattan Project and was later accused of having communist sympathies. The department last week released transcripts of the 1950s hearings on Oppenheimer\'s security clearance, providing more insight into the previously secret world that surrounded development of the atomic bomb. (AP Photo,File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(07 of17)
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A photograph on display at The Bradbury Science Museum shows the first atomic bomb test On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45am, at Trinity Site in New Mexico, U.S.A. The museum is Los Alamos National Laboratory\'s window to the public. The Museum displays the Laboratory\'s current research and presents the history of the Laboratory\'s role in the Manhattan Project during World War II. (photograph on display in the Bradbury Science museum, photo copied by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)
First detonation of a nuclear device - Trinity - in New Mexico(08 of17)
Open Image Modal
Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945 as a result of the Manhattan Project, in the Jornada del Muerto desert, New Mexico, at the new White Sands Proving Ground. Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \'The Gadget\'.. (Photo by Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Universal History Archive via Getty Images)
First detonation of a nuclear device - Trinity - in New Mexico(09 of17)
Open Image Modal
Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945 as a result of the Manhattan Project, in the Jornada del Muerto desert, New Mexico, at the new White Sands Proving Ground. Trinity used an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \'The Gadget\'.. (Photo by Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images) (credit:Universal History Archive via Getty Images)
Manhattan Project's Admin Buildings(10 of17)
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Aeriel view of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Administration Building, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1945. The buildings and, indeed, the entire city of Oak Ridge, was established in 1942 to house the employees (and their families) of the uranium-enrichment facility of the Manhattan Project, the United State\'s project to develop the atomic bomb. (Photo by PhotoQuest/Getty Images) (credit:PhotoQuest via Getty Images)
Manhattan Project's K-25 Plant(11 of17)
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Aerial view of the massive K-25 gaseous diffusion plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, early August, 1945. The plant and, indeed, the entire city of Oak Ridge, was established in 1942 to house the employees (and their families) of the uranium-enrichment facility of the Manhattan Project, the United State\'s project to develop the atomic bomb. (Photo by PhotoQuest/Getty Images) (credit:PhotoQuest via Getty Images)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(12 of17)
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The sign that welcomes visitors to Los Alamos Laboratory after they cross over the Omega Bridge from the town of Los Alamos June 14, 1999. Los Alamos lab, located with the town of Los Alamos approximately 35 miles northwest of Santa Fe, occupies 43 square miles of land in Northern New Mexico. Owned by the Department of Energy, Los Alamos has been managed by the University of California since 1943, when the Laboratory was born as part of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic weapons during World War II. Allegations of espionage, from within Los Alamos National Laboratory, hit the headlines in March 1999 when scientist Wen Ho Lee was fired from the lab in New Mexico amid suspicions he passed classified information to China. He has not been charged with any crime, and through his lawyer he has denied providing nuclear secrets to China or anyone else. China has also denied spying or stealing U.S. nuclear secrets. (photo by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(13 of17)
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The Los Alamos Laboratory and the town of Los Alamos June 14, 1999. The Los Alamos lab, located with the town of Los Alamos approximately 35 miles northwest of Santa Fe, occupies 43 square miles of land in Northern New Mexico. Owned by the Department of Energy, Los Alamos has been managed by the University of California since 1943, when the Laboratory was born as part of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic weapons during World War II. Allegations of espionage, from within Los Alamos National Laboratory, hit the headlines in March 1999 when scientist Wen Ho Lee was fired from the lab in New Mexico amid suspicions he passed classified information to China. He has not been charged with any crime, and through his lawyer he has denied providing nuclear secrets to China or anyone else. China has also denied spying or stealing U.S. nuclear secrets. (photo by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(14 of17)
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The sign that welcomes visitors to Los Alamos Laboratory after they cross over the Omega Bridge from the town of Los Alamos June 14, 1999. The Los Alamos lab, located with the town of Los Alamos approximately 35 miles northwest of Santa Fe, occupies 43 square miles of land in Northern New Mexico. Owned by the Department of Energy, Los Alamos has been managed by the University of California since 1943, when the Laboratory was born as part of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic weapons during World War II. Allegations of espionage, from within Los Alamos National Laboratory, hit the headlines in March 1999 when scientist Wen Ho Lee was fired from the lab in New Mexico amid suspicions he passed classified information to China. He has not been charged with any crime, and through his lawyer he has denied providing nuclear secrets to China or anyone else. China has also denied spying or stealing U.S. nuclear secrets. (photo by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(15 of17)
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During WWII mail to Los Alamos residents was simply addressed to P.O. Box 1663, Sante Fe, New Mexico. When the Manhattan project\'s existence was made known to the outside world in 1945, the \'secret city\' could use the Los Alamos post mark. The post office opened in it\'s present location in November, 1948. (photo by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(16 of17)
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A sign greets vistors as they arrive on the Los Alamos National Laboratory campus June 14, 1999. The Los Alamos lab, located with the town of Los Alamos approximately 35 miles northwest of Santa Fe, occupies 43 square miles of land in Northern New Mexico. Owned by the Department of Energy, Los Alamos has been managed by the University of California since 1943, when the Laboratory was born as part of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic weapons during World War II. Allegations of espionage, from within Los Alamos National Laboratory, hit the headlines in March 1999 when scientist Wen Ho Lee was fired from the lab in New Mexico amid suspicions he passed classified information to China. He has not been charged with any crime, and through his lawyer he has denied providing nuclear secrets to China or anyone else. China has also denied spying or stealing U.S. nuclear secrets. (photo by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico(17 of17)
Open Image Modal
The Los Alamos Laboratory and the town of Los Alamos June 14, 1999. The Los Alamos lab, located with the town of Los Alamos approximately 35 miles northwest of Santa Fe, occupies 43 square miles of land in Northern New Mexico. Owned by the Department of Energy, Los Alamos has been managed by the University of California since 1943, when the Laboratory was born as part of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic weapons during World War II. Allegations of espionage, from within Los Alamos National Laboratory, hit the headlines in March 1999 when scientist Wen Ho Lee was fired from the lab in New Mexico amid suspicions he passed classified information to China. He has not been charged with any crime, and through his lawyer he has denied providing nuclear secrets to China or anyone else. China has also denied spying or stealing U.S. nuclear secrets. (photo by Joe Raedle) (credit:Joe Raedle via Getty Images)

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