「命よりカネ」をマウスで実証した実験

市場経済には、人々を「悪事」に向かわせる力がある――これは、今年5月に経済学者たちが行った、ある実験の結論だ。暗い気持ちになる結論だが、悲しいことにさほどショックは受けない。
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市場経済には、人々を「悪事」に向かわせる力がある――これは、今年5月に経済学者たちが行った、ある実験の結論だ。暗い気持ちになる結論だが、悲しいことにさほどショックは受けない。

実験用マウスの生命を売り買いする「金融市場」があった場合、そこにかかわる人間は、何のためらいもなく、ごくわずかな金銭と引き換えに実験用マウスを犠牲にするという実験結果が出た。しかも、この市場にかかわる人が増えれば増えるほど、マウスの命の値段は安くなっていく。要するに、市場経済は、それに関わる人々のモラルをむしばむのだ。

ボン大学のアーミン・ファルク氏と、バンベルク大学のノラ・スゼク氏が行なったこの実験では、被験者グループに対して、シンプルで殺伐とした選択を迫った。「10ユーロ(約1300円)が欲しい人は、マウスを殺すことに同意してください」。

すると、46パーセント近くの被験者が、マウスの死と引き換えに10ユーロもらう方を選んだ。

次に両氏は、「マウスの生命のトレードを行なうことができる権利」を売り買いできる「トレーディング市場」を設定し、新たな「トレーダー」数人を追加して実験を行なった。するとその結果、マウスの命をトレーディングすることを選んだのは72パーセントまで上昇した。そして多くの場合、マウスの命の額は10ユーロを大きく下回った。

さらにトレーダーの数を増やした「複雑な市場」になると、マウスの命よりお金を選択した人は約76パーセントにのぼり、命の額は先ほどの結果をさらに下回った。

この研究から見えてくるのは、バングラデシュにおける労働環境や中国における環境破壊等を具体的に知ればショックを受けるであろう人も、市場を通すことで、そういった状況に加担し支持する可能性がある点だ。

市場は、醜い現実にフタをする。低賃金で労働者を働かせる搾取的な工場で製造された安価なTシャツを、私たちは何も考えずに購入する。少なくとも、現状に加担しながら、現状の責任を「市場を構成する誰か」になすりつけることができる。

また、バブル経済が危険なまでに膨張し、破壊的な影響をもたらす可能性が高くなっているにもかかわらず、ウォール街の投機家たちがなぜ見て見ぬふりができるかについても、この研究は教えてくれる。

市場が絶対に邪悪というわけではない。市場は良いこともたくさんし得る。そのことは、実験を行った研究者たちも認めている。しかし市場は、あらゆる意味で正しいわけではない。

「自由市場経済」は、ここ数十年をかけて、ほとんど絶対的に信奉される社会体制となり、私たちの生活に浸透した。そしてその浸透の仕方は、必ずしも良いものばかりではない。ハーバード大学で政治哲学などの教鞭をとるマイケル・サンデル教授は、アメリカは魂の存在しない「市場主義社会」になりつつあると警告している。

自由市場経済が進展するなかで、株価は急上昇するいっぽうで賃金水準は停滞し、所得格差はますます拡大している(日本語版記事)。国営や公営の機関の民営化も進んでいる。人間倉庫と化している刑務所も例外ではない(詳しくは、米ハフィントン・ポストのクリス・カーカム記者が多岐にわたって取材した英文記事をご覧いただきたい)。

また、年金制度は次第に、市場で運用される401(k)で置き換えられ、老後の蓄えは徐々に食いつぶされていく。メディケア(社会保障制度)やソーシャルセキュリティ(社会保障番号)なども、市場原理を基に運営すべきだと主張する人たちもいる。

近年起こったドットコムバブルの崩壊、そしてリーマンショックによって、われわれはようやく、「自由な市場」の価値に疑問をもち始めた。今回の研究は、われわれが市場に浸透を許す範囲を制限を設定するべき十分な理由があることを示唆している。

「われわれは社会として、市場がどの範囲で適切であり、どの範囲では適切でないのかを考える必要がある」と研究者らは結論している。

なお、この研究で使用されたのは、いわゆる「余剰マウス」という、科学実験では使えないとして日常的に殺されているものだ(それ自体も恐ろしい事実だが)。研究者たちは、いずれにせよマウスは死ぬ運命にあり、この実験の結果として生き延びたマウスもたくさんいる、と述べている。実験の結果、死ぬ運命になったマウスたちは安楽死させたが、一命を取り留めたマウスたちは、快適な環境で医療的なケアを受けて寿命を全うすることになったという。

[画像ギャラリーでは、2013年4月にバングラデシュ、ダッカにある工場の粗悪な建物が崩壊し、少なくとも324人が亡くなった事件を紹介している]

[Mark Gongloff (English) 日本語版:遠藤康子、合原弘子/ガリレオ]

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