©Amnesty International
ビルマ（ミャンマー）では2015年11月に総選挙が行われ、アウンサンスーチーさんが党首を務める最大野党の国民民主連盟（NLD）が大勝し、来る4月に新政権が誕生する。
民主化に向けて順風満帆に見えるビルマだが、ソーシャルメディアの一つであるフェイスブックに軍部を批判する投稿をしただけで逮捕され、有罪判決を受けるという事件が起きた。
2011年の「民政移管」の後、ビルマでも通信インフラの整備が進み、ソーシャルメディアの利用は急激に伸びてきている。今回の有罪判決は、ソーシャルメディアを利用した表現の自由に暗い影を落とすことになった。
■ パトリッククンジャーリーさんの事件
昨年の10月、平和活動家のパトリッククンジャーリーさん（43歳）は、ある画像をファイスブックに投稿して逮捕された。ビルマ国軍総司令官のミンアウンライン上級大将の写真を誰かが踏みつけている画像で、「もし逮捕されたくなければ、この投稿をシェアするな」というメッセージをつけていた。
その後、パトリッククンジャーリーさんは起訴され、現在は公判中だ。彼は高血圧や胃腸炎、慢性的な喘息を抱えており、10月27日からヤンゴンのインセイン刑務所で集中治療を受けている。翌11月には、裁判所での審問中に喘息の発作を起こした。
刑務所で彼との面会が許されている家族は、適切な医療を受けられていないようだと心配している。
■ チョーサンディートゥンさんの事件
パトリッククンジャーリーさんと同じ時期にもう一人、ソーシャルメディアへの投稿を理由に逮捕された女性がいる。
チョーサンディートゥンさん（24歳）は、フェイスブックに、NLDのアウンサンスーチー党首がミンアウンライン上級大将の軍服と似た色のロンジー（一種の腰巻）を履いている写真を載せ、コメントには「それほど彼女が好きなら、彼女のロンジーも頭に巻けばいい」と書いて投稿した。
ビルマの保守的な男性社会では、男性が女性の服を頭にまとうことは侮辱とされる。12月に彼女は6カ月の禁錮刑を言い渡された。
■ 逮捕は何に基づくのか？
アムネスティの調べでは、ビルマでソーシャルメディアへの投稿で起訴されたのは、今回の2件が初めてだ。2015年の始め、1人の写真家が軍を嘲笑する画像を投稿して拘禁されたが、起訴されずに釈放されている。なお、これらの事件での拘禁や起訴の根拠は、電気通信法第66条(d)の「通信網を利用して、人に対して強要、脅迫、制限、侮辱、攪乱、不当威圧を行うこと」であり、3年以下の刑を科すことができる。
日本で、フェイスブックやツイッターなどのソーシャルメディアに政府への批判的なコメントを投稿しただけで逮捕されることがあるだろうか。
■ 表現の自由を守り、2人を釈放せよ
2つの事件は昨年の10月、つまり11月の総選挙の直前に起きている。アムネスティは2014年と2015年に、ビルマ政府が市民の摘発を強化している状況を報告書にまとめて公表した。その中で、11月の総選挙を目前にして、とくに表現の自由への弾圧がひどくなってきていることにも言及したが、今回紹介した2つの事件はその一つの表れだといえる。
パトリッククンジャーリーさんもチョーサンディートゥンさんも、暴力的な行動を扇動するようなことは何も投稿していない。フェイスブックに政権や軍を皮肉るようなメッセージを投稿しただけで何年も投獄されるのは、あまりにも理不尽であり、ビルマ政府は2人を即座に釈放するべきだ。とりわけパトリッククンジャーリーさんに関しては、早急に適切な治療を施すようアムネスティは求めている。
■ 表現の自由の保障は新政権にかかっている
これまでの軍政は、電気通信法の他にも刑法143条（不法な集会への参加）、147条（暴動）、295条（宗教侮辱罪）、332条（公務執行妨害）、505条（b）（扇動罪）などによって政権批判を封じ込めてきた。2015年の総選挙で圧勝したNLDも、こうした法律で多くのメンバーが逮捕されている。
表現の自由の保障は、4月に誕生する新政権にとって重要な課題だ。法律を具体的に見直し、恣意的な運用を防止する政策を早急に打ち出すことが期待されている。
（アムネスティ・インターナショナル日本）
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▽ フォトジャーナリスト：宇田有三さんを招いて講演会を開催！
ビルマ（ミャンマー）は変わるのか? 2015年総選挙の検証と少数民族の今
昨年11月の総選挙でアウンサンスーチー氏率いる政党、国民民主連盟（NLD）が大勝したことによって、ビルマ（ミャンマー）の民主化が進んだという印象が広がりました。最近はメディアでも取り上げられる事の多い同国ですが、まだまだその真の姿はわかりにくいともいえます。ビルマ国内の現状はどうなのか。長年にわたって同国を取材し続けてきたフォトジャーナリストの宇田有三さんに、ビルマの姿をお話しいただきます。
■場所：アムネスティ・インターナショナル日本
■日時：2016年3月5日(土)16：15～18：15
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ミャンマー総選挙
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi delivers a speech from a balcony of the NLD headquarters in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Nov. 9, 2015. Opposition leader Suu Kyi on Monday hinted that her party will win the country\'s historic elections, and urged supporters not to provoke their losing rivals. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party leader Aung San Suu Kyi, second left, arrives at a polling station to vote in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy Aung San Suu Kyi, with flowers in back of her hair, stands at a desk of a polling official at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi, is escorted through a crowd as she visits a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Voters line up to cast their ballots at a polling station during the general elections Sunday, Nov 8, 2015, in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Leader of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party, Aung San Suu Kyi visits a polling station on the outskirts Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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People stand outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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People stand outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
APTOPIX Myanmar Elections(38 of47)
A police officer stands guard as voters queue up outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(39 of47)
Muslims stand in a line to cast their vote outside of a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Women stand in a line to enter a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(41 of47)
People stand in a line to cast their vote outside a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(42 of47)
Citizen\'s line up to vote at a polling station on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early results of the ballot counting are posted on a giant screen outside the NLD headquarters Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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A woman casts her vote in a polling station in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the military\'s longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Aung Shine Oo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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An official of Union Election Commission displays ballot papers to representatives of political parties during the counting of votes at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early voting results outside the NLD headquarters in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The Week That Was in Asia(47 of47)
In this Nov. 8, 2015 file photo, Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, center, leaves after casting her ballot at a polling station in general election in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)