北朝鮮と韓国の軍事境界線で8月20日に発生した砲撃戦を巡り、南北の軍事的緊張が高まった。北朝鮮が特に神経をとがらせていたのが、韓国が最近、軍事境界線付近で再開した、北朝鮮に向けて大音量で流す宣伝放送だ。
北朝鮮は20日、拡声機による宣伝放送を中止し、放送設備を撤去することを韓国側に求めた。さらに「これを実行しなければ軍事行動を開始する」と威嚇した。
北朝鮮はなぜ「拡声機の放送」に、これほど神経質になるのか。
11年ぶりに再開した南北「拡声機の心理戦」
韓国軍は8月10日、軍事境界線の西側で、拡声機を使った北朝鮮向けの放送を、11年ぶりに再開した。
放送再開のきっかけは2015年8月4日、北朝鮮軍（朝鮮人民軍）が非武装地帯に仕掛けたとみられる地雷が爆発した事件だった。韓国軍兵士2人が負傷し、韓国国防部と国連軍司令部でつくる米韓合同調査団は10日、「北朝鮮軍の明白な挑発」と断定。韓国が報復に踏み切ったのだ。
これに対し北朝鮮は15日、北朝鮮軍の前線司令部が「放送を中断しなければ無差別に打撃を加える」と威嚇した。17日、北朝鮮は軍事境界線の東側で、韓国向けの拡声機による放送を再開した。
その後まもなく、軍事的緊張が高まった。韓国国防部によると、北朝鮮軍は20日午後3時53分ごろ、14.5mm高射砲で砲弾1発を発射、19分後の4時12分に再び76.2mm直射砲で、軍事境界線の南側約700mの非武装地帯に数発を撃った。
韓国軍は、北朝鮮の最初の挑発から約1時間10分後の午後5時04分ごろ、軍事境界線の北側500mの非武装地帯に155mm自走砲で数十発の応射をした。韓国側の人命や施設などに被害はなく、北朝鮮もそれ以上応戦しなかった。
北朝鮮が「拡声機放送」に敏感に反応する理由
2004年6月、撤去される拡声機
20日の北朝鮮の砲撃を招いた直接の契機は「拡声機放送」だった。
拡声機放送は心理戦の手段の一つだ。詳細な内容は公表されていないが、金正恩体制の恥部を宣伝するものとされる。
KBSによると、固定式拡声機の場合、出力最大なら夜間は24km、日中は10kmの距離まで音声が届く。軍事境界線近くの北朝鮮軍と、住民の一部にも放送内容が伝わることになる。韓国軍は今回、デジタル方式の新型リムーバブル拡声機を導入した。聯合ニュースによれば、この新型拡声機を使えば20km以上離れたところまで音声が到達する。車両に載せて移動できるので、北朝鮮軍の射撃を避けることもできる。
また、今回再開された放送は、特にデリケートな内容を含んでいるとみられる。朝鮮日報は「北朝鮮軍幹部の処刑など、住民が接しにくい内部情報と、自由民主主義体制の優越性、世界のニュース、天気情報、音楽など、以前よりも多彩な内容を盛り込んでいるとみられる」と報道した。
韓国軍当局は、この心理戦が大きな効果を発揮するとみている。朝鮮日報によると、匿名の軍関係者は「金正恩政権からすれば、一家3代の世襲と不正、独裁権力内部の腐敗を告発する拡声機放送は、『最高尊厳』（金正恩氏）に対する耐えがたい冒涜」と述べ、北朝鮮が拡声機放送を実質的な脅威、挑発とみなしているとの見方を明らかにしている。
拡声機放送はなぜ11年ぶりに再開されたのか
2004年6月、撤去される拡声機
韓国と北朝鮮は2004年6月の南北将官級会談で、双方の拡声機放送を中断することで合意した。当時は2000年の南北首脳会談から4年後で、南北関係も比較的良好だった。軍事的緊張を緩和する方法が話し合われ、黄海で偶発的な軍事衝突を防止する対策のほか、拡声機放送や電光掲示板など、宣伝合戦を完全に中止することでも合意した。
当時の合意内容には「どのような場合でも、宣伝設備を再設置せず、宣伝活動も再開しない」とされていた。一時的な中断はあったものの、1962年から42年間続いてきた南北間の拡声機放送は、2004年6月15日で終了し、当時の韓国政府は「歴史的瞬間」と表現した。
しかし、この合意は、韓国が放送を再開したことで事実上破棄された。
韓国はなぜ「異例の強硬対応」に踏み切ったのか
地雷爆発について、韓国軍当局の対応は異例だった。国防部は、北朝鮮が「過酷な対価」を支払うことになると非難。韓民求（ハン・ミング）国防相は連日、強硬対応を発表した。拡声機放送の再開は、この文脈で出た「強硬対応」の一つだった。
韓国日報は「2010年3月に韓国の哨戒艦『天安』が爆破され、46人が死亡・行方不明になったときも、拡声機放送の復活が検討されたが、北朝鮮の反発を考えて実行されなかった。今回の政府の対応は異例だ」と伝えた。同年11月に北朝鮮が延坪島に砲撃を加えたときも、拡声機放送は再開されなかった。
放送以外にも、韓国軍は8月9日に、地雷の爆発現場をメディアに公開し、関連写真や「隊外秘」扱いの動画まで提供した。背景には、複数のメディアや与野党議員が、2014年末から北朝鮮の「異常な兆候」があったにもかかわらず、軍の対応が生ぬるいと批判していたことも一因とみられる。
もちろん、韓国軍当局が今回の地雷を重大な事態と認識した可能性もある。韓国日報によると、非武装地帯で北朝鮮軍が埋めた地雷による爆発事故は、1967年以来48年ぶりという。
この記事はハフポスト韓国版に掲載されたものを翻訳、加筆しました。
韓国と北朝鮮、高まる緊張（2015年8月21日～）
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South Korean army soldiers check the identification of a motorist at the checkpoint on Unification Bridge, which leads to the demilitarized zone, near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The banner at right reads: \"No entry, vehicles disapproved.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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A South Korean army soldier walks along the military wire fences on Unification Bridge, which leads to the demilitarized zone, near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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People watch a television news program showing North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at Seoul train station in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. Kim on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The letters at the screen read: \"North Korea orders military to have full combat readiness.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Under the portraits of the late North Korean leaders, Kim Il Sung, left, and Kim Jong Il, North Korean Ambassador to China Ji Jae Ryong speaks during a press conference on the latest tensions with South Korea at the North Korean Embassy in Beijing, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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South Korean protesters with defaced portraits of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un shout slogans during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. The letters at right read: \"Explode the statues of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il !\" (AP Photo/Julie Yoon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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People walk past a large screen broadcasting a propaganda movie showing soldiers chanting slogans while raising their weapons in Pyongyang, North Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korea on Friday declared its frontline troops in a \"a quasi-state of war\" after the north and south accusing each other of firing at each other across the world\'s most heavily armed border. The Korean on the screen reads: \"Our supreme leader is the heart of 10 million.\" (AP Photo/Dita Alangkara) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(36 of64)
South Korean protesters with defaced portraits of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and North Korean flags shout slogans during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(37 of64)
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South Korea Koreas Tension(38 of64)
South Korean army soldiers stand guard at Unification Bridge near the border village of Panmunom in Paju, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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South Korean residents gather at a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Russia Koreas Tensions(40 of64)
North Korean Ambassador to Russia Kim Hyun-joon, second right, holds a news conference in the North Korean Embassy in Moscow, Russia, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, pictured top right, on Friday declared his front-line troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle against South Korea in response to an exchange of artillery fire on the border Thursday. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(41 of64)
South Korean army soldiers ride on a truck in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (Park Young-tae/Newsis via AP) KOREA OUT (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(42 of64)
South Korean anti-war protesters stage a rally demanding peace and reunification of the Korean peninsula near the presidential house in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Julie Yoon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(43 of64)
A South Korean protester burns a portrait of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un during an anti-North Korean rally in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. The North leader on Friday declared his frontline troops in a \"quasi-state of war\" and ordered them to prepare for battle a day after the most serious confrontation between the rivals in years. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(44 of64)
A South Korean army soldier patrols at Unification Bridge near the border village of Panmunom in Paju, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(45 of64)
South Korean army soldiers walk on the way to returning to their base after a patrol, in Paju, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(46 of64)
South Korean children play as residents gather at a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(47 of64)
South Korean residents gather at a shelter in Yeoncheon, south of the demilitarized zone that divides the two Koreas, South Korea, Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. South Korea fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed several rounds across the world\'s most heavily armed border and threatened to take further action unless Seoul ends its loudspeaker broadcasts. The North denied it fired any shots and warned of retaliation for what it called a serious provocation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(48 of64)
A South Korean resident watches his mobile phone to read news as people gather at a shelter in the South Korean town of Yeoncheon where the shell fell Thursday, Aug. 20, 2015. South Korea\'s military fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed a single artillery round at the border town, the South\'s Defense ministry said. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(49 of64)
South Korean residents gather at a shelter in the South Korean town of Yeoncheon where the shell fell Thursday, Aug. 20, 2015. South Korea\'s military fired dozens of shells Thursday at rival North Korea after the North lobbed a single artillery round at the border town, the South\'s Defense ministry said. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(50 of64)
A South Korean army soldier aims his weapon as passengers watch an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(51 of64)
South Korean army soldiers aim their weapons during an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(52 of64)
A South Korean policeman participates in an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(53 of64)
A South Korean army soldier passes by an advertising board during an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(54 of64)
South Korean firefighters wearing protective clothing chat as they wait to attend an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea Koreas Tension(55 of64)
A South Korean army soldier aim his weapon as employees of subway station watch an anti-terror drill as part of Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise, at Sadang Subway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Wednesday, Aug. 19, 2015. U.S. and South Korean forces launched Monday an annual joint military exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, for a 12-day run to prepare for a possible North Korea\'s attack. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(56 of64)
South Korean policemen stand at the entrance to a bunker at a border village Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(57 of64)
South Korean policemen stand at a checkpoint near a bunker at a border village Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(58 of64)
A villager (L) smokes outside a bunker at a border village Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(59 of64)
A truck carrying South Korean soldiers passes through the border village of Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(60 of64)
A truck carrying South Korean soldiers passes members of the media (R) at the border village of Yeoncheon near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-NKOREA-MILITARY(61 of64)
Anti-North Korean protesters hold banners at a checkpoint on the Unification Bridge leading to the Kaesong Industrial complex and North Korea near Paju in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) on August 22, 2015. South Korean troops stood at maximum alert on August 22, hours before the expiry of a North Korean ultimatum for Seoul to halt loudspeaker propaganda broadcasts across the border or face military action. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
Market Reactions As Kim Jong Un Orders Army To Be Ready For Combat After Koreas Trade Fire Along Border(62 of64)
A man looks at a television screen showing an image of Kim Jong Un, leader of North Korea, during a news broadcast on North Korea\'s exchange of fire with South Korea at Seoul Station in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered his army to prepare for war after an exchange of fire with South Korea, ratcheting up the rhetoric as the latest skirmish between the two nations intensifies. Photographer: SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Market Reactions As Kim Jong Un Orders Army To Be Ready For Combat After Koreas Trade Fire Along Border(63 of64)
A member of the South Korean Army, left, and Navy, right look at a television screen showing a news broadcast on North Korea\'s exchange of fire with South Korea at Seoul Station in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered his army to prepare for war after an exchange of fire with South Korea, ratcheting up the rhetoric as the latest skirmish between the two nations intensifies. Photographer: SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Market Reactions As Kim Jong Un Orders Army To Be Ready For Combat After Koreas Trade Fire Along Border(64 of64)
A foreign currency dealer walks past a monitor displaying the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (Kospi) in a dealing room at the Korea Exchange Bank headquarters in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Aug. 21, 2015. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un ordered his army to prepare for war after an exchange of fire with South Korea, ratcheting up the rhetoric as the latest skirmish between the two nations intensifies. Photographer: SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg via Getty Images (credit:Bloomberg via Getty Images)
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