TPP関連法案でオバマ大統領と共和党が結託し、民主党が反発するねじれ構造 その舞台裏

6月12日、下院民主党は、バラク・オバマ大統領に反旗を翻した。
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President Barack Obama speaks at the Catholic Hospital Association Conference about healthcare reform, Tuesday, June 9, 2015, at the Washington Marriott Wardman Park in Washington. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

6月12日、下院民主党は、バラク・オバマ大統領に反旗を翻した。議決の直前に、大統領から賛成票を投じるよう直々に働きかけられていた民主党議員はこれを拒絶した。大統領にTPP(環太平洋パートナーシップ協定)交渉の全面的な権限を与えるTPA(ファスト・トラック)法案は219対211の賛成多数で可決した。しかし、TPPなど貿易の自由化で仕事が海外に流出することで職を失う労働者を再教育支援する関連法案、貿易調整支援制度(TAA)は賛成126、反対302で否決された。民主党がオバマ大統領の野心的な通商政策を阻止した格好だ。

民主党は、本来であれば後押しするはずのTAAに抵抗のポイントを絞った。TAAを否決すれば、TPAを引きずり落とすことができると踏んだ。

ホワイトハウスからは議会に対して数週間にわたり電話攻勢が仕掛けられ、数え切れないほどの協議、交渉が重ねられた。世論の反発が高まる中、議決直前に大統領自身が議会を訪問するなど事態の打開をはかったが、オバマ大統領の通商政策に反対する民主党や共和党保守派を動かすまでには至らなかった。非難轟々の中、オバマ大統領は、議決の数時間前に自らがロビー活動に乗り出したが、結果は重要なTAAを失ってしまった。

「もしTAAの否決でTPAを遅らせることができるなら、TAAに反対票を投じる用意がある」とナンシー・ペロシ下院民主党院内総務(カリフォルニア州選出、民主党)は議場で語った。「残念なことに、TPAを遅らせる唯一の方法がそれだけだからです。TAAが否決されたら、TPAは阻止できます」

「ペロシ院内総務がTAAに反対票を投じると発表した時、実際に票が動いたと思われる」とスティーブ・イスラエル下院議員(ニューヨーク州選出、民主党)は語った。「大統領が12日の朝、決断していないメンバーとの協議のために下院議回に来た時、説得力のある主張をしました。しかし、ペロシ院内総務がTAA反対に投票するとわかった途端、否決へと流れが傾いたのです」

当初、TAAは民主党の支持を獲得することを目指して、TPA法案に含まれていた。しかし、かえってTPP反対派を引き寄せる結果となった。TAAの財源が少なすぎると見られたことと、上院がその支払にメディケア(高齢者向け公的医療保険)から7億ドルを削減すると決定したからである。

下院共和党は、審議を円滑化させるために、TPA法案とは別にTAAの議決を行うことを提案した。また、代替の予算案でメディケアに影響を及ぼさないようにして、この問題を収束させようとした。しかし民主党はそれでも譲歩案では不十分だと主張し、新しい予算の枠組みでも、結局メディケアから財源を取り上げることに変わりない法案に投票することになると異議を唱えていた。

「残念ながら、TAAは"支援を取り上げる(Taking Away Assistance)"の略だ」とロイド・ドゲット下院議員(テキサス州選出、民主党)は話した。「貿易拡大によって仕事を失う人たちを守るのに不可欠だと政府は言うが、そのための財源は少ない」

「TAAは、深刻な欠陥があるTPAを成立させるための交渉の切り札として利用されるべきではない」と、歳入委員会で民主党トップのサンダー・レビン下院議員(ミシガン州選出、民主党)は語った。彼は12日、オバマ大統領が民主党への働きかけのために議会を訪問している間にも下院の議場にいた。

TAAが通過しなければ、オバマ大統領と下院共和党のジョン・ベイナー議長には法案通過のため様々な手段を講じなければいけない。

ポール・ライアン下院議員(ウィスコンシン州選出、共和党)のスポークスマン、ブレンダン・バック氏は「TPAに関してはもう議決はないだろう」と述べた。TPA通過はオバマ大統領に望みを与えたが、もし民主党がTAAに再度反対した場合には、大統領の通商政策の進行にさらに遅れが生じることになる。そしてもし民主党員がそうするなら、共和党がTAAなしでTPA法案を通過させる危険を冒すことになる。それは実質的にTAAの職業支援プログラムを葬ることになる。

「大統領は投票に向けて働きます」と、ある共和党指導部補佐官の一人は語った。TAAの票読みは、12日の投票直前の時点で票読みでは共和党の賛成は93票だった。否決されそうだとが明らかになったとたんに、7人が反対に回った。共和党は、次に来る山場には賛成に回る人間はいるとわかっている。ということは、下院で過半数の217票を確保するためには、民主党から124票が必要になる。11日の段階で、民主党の賛成はたった40票だった。

「彼らには登るべき山があるのです」とキース・エィソン下院議員(ミネソタ州選出、民主党)は議場を去る際に語った。

しかし、民主党がもしTAAに反対票を投じ続けたら、支援プログラム自体が消滅してしまうのではないかと危惧している。

12日の投票後、ジョン・デラニー下院議員(メリーランド州選出、民主党)は、2回目の投票にはTAAに賛成するよう同僚議員に呼びかけるつもりだと語った。

「私が同僚に言ったのは、この支援プログラムが永久になくなってしまう可能性があるということだ」TPAを支持するデラニー氏は投票後取材陣に話した。「もし我々がこのプログラムを支持しなければ、我々民主党がグローバル化のせいで解雇される労働者が利用できるプログラムを葬ることになります。今まで民主党は一度もこれに反対票を投じていなかったのです」

デラニーは民主党議員がトム・ペレス労働長官の言うことを聞くべきだと言う。長官は労働省幹部との会合で激しく机を叩きながら「彼らはこの価値のあるTAAプログラムが得られると思っていなかったようだ」と語った。

11日に行われた民主党の幹部会では、そういったシナリオを操作することに費やされた。もし民主党が頑なに反対票を投じた場合、オバマ大統領とジョン・ベイナー下院議長(オハイオ州選出、共和党)はTAA抜きでTPAを通過させようとする可能性がある。オバマ大統領と共和党は11日にかなりの票を得たが、そこにはある種の象徴的意味があった。つまり、下院の規則で、TPAはTAAなくして法律にはなり得ない。TPAに賛成した民主党議員がTAA抜きの新しい条件で、同じように投票するかは誰にもわからない。そうなれば法案は上院に戻され、成立となる。

しかし、最初のTPAは、議事妨害を克服するのに必要な60票から2票上積みされただけで上院を通過した。TAAを除外すれば民主党議員の何票かを失うことになる。そのシナリオでは、共和党のミッチ・マコーネル上院院内総務(ケンタッキー州選出、共和党)がTAAを後に審議するという約束の下、TPAを上院に上程する可能性がある。その考えでいけば、もし議会の指導部がTAAなしでTPAを通過させられると示せば、TPA支持者は共同歩調を取る。なぜなら、共和党は喜んで失業者への支援プログラムなしに貿易法案を通過させるからだ。

共和党員の中には、TAAを基本的に無駄な福祉プログラムだと見ている者もいる。さらに、反対票を投じる民主党がいては多数党の共和党には法案を通過させるのに十分な人数がいなかった。

ドゲット下院議員(テキサス州選出、民主党)は、オバマ大統領と政府に責任があると述べた。彼らはTPA法案が労働者や環境基準、金融規制を守ることができず、不公平な為替操作阻止にも何の役にも立たないという民主党議員の不平を無視してきたからだ。

「本当に調整が必要なのは、貿易に対して妥協も修正もしないという姿勢です」とドゲット氏は語った。「TPP交渉の過程がこれほど閉鎖的でなければ、議決は僅差にならなかったはずだ」

11日、投票に入る際の緊張は高まり、オバマ大統領が議場に乗り込んで来たことによって政府高官は全面攻勢を仕掛けた。しかし、デニス・マクドノー大統領首席補佐官、トム・ペレス労働長官、ジャック・ルー財務長官は、大統領が必要としているから民主党議員は全員法案に賛成するよう要請をしたが、取り込みに失敗した。オバマ大統領は11日夜に行われた野球のチャリティイベントでも自身の考えを強調したが、空振りに終わった。

民主党議員は、何の修正もないままTPPを推進させることを許すTPAの権限を大統領に与える前に、明らかになっていないTPP交渉の内容を公開するよう、繰り返し政府に要請してきた。

TPA法案は、TPP交渉が妥結した後に交渉内容の公開を要求するだけだ。そうなれば、大統領が署名する前にTPPを精査するのに2カ月かかるということになる。連邦議会では投票にかけられるものの、共和党が過半数を支配する下院と上院でTPPが通過することはほぼ確実だ。

「連邦議会では我々は後部座席に座ることになるだろう。不当に奪った運転席ではない」と、下院民主党のレビン議員は述べた。

TPPの陣頭指揮をとる歳入委員会のライアン委員長は、支持を取り付けるため熱弁をふるった。多くの国がアメリカを除外する貿易協定を結ぶ中、ますますグローバル化する経済の中で、TPPこそがアメリカが競合する唯一の道だと言った。

「世界の95%の消費者はアメリカに住んでいない」とライアン委員長は語った。「そのため、もし我々がアメリカでもっと雇用を拡大したければ、アメリカで物を作って海外へ輸出しなければならない」

「世界がフルスピードで前進しているのに、我々はその場に立ち尽くしたままなのだ」

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When Irish Ties Are Smilin'(37 of79)
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From left: Rep. Peter King (R-N.Y.), Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-Ohio), President Barack Obama (D) and Irish Prime Minister Taoiseach Enda Kenny depart the annual Friends of Ireland luncheon on Capitol Hill on St. Patrick\'s Day 2015. (credit:Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images)
Colonial Visit For Marijuana(38 of79)
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Dressed in colonial garb, Adam Eidinger and fellow D.C. marijuana advocates visit the office staff of Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah) at the Rayburn House Office Building on Capitol Hill on March 17, 2015, to protest the congressman\'s stand in regard to legalized marijuana in the District of Columbia. Legislative Director Amber Kirby Talley receives a pipe from Eidinger. (credit:Astrid Riecken for The Washington Post via Getty Images)
Goldendoodle(39 of79)
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Shawna Blair, of the Senate Periodical Press Gallery, holds her dog George Clooney, a 4-month-old Goldendoodle, for Kate Hunter of Bloomberg News to pet in the Capitol\'s Senate Press Gallery on March 13, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Code Pink(40 of79)
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Protesters from Code Pink hold up signs as Secretary of State John Kerry and Defense Secretary Ashton Carter arrive to testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Capitol Hill on March 11, 2015. (credit:Mark Wilson via Getty Images)
Cruz Waves(41 of79)
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Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) speaks during the International Association of Fire Fighters Presidential Forum at the Hyatt Regency on Capitol Hill on March 10, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Warren Talks(42 of79)
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Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) speaks during the International Association of Fire Fighters Legislative Conference General Session at the Hyatt Regency on Capitol Hill on March 9, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Speaking On Gun Control(43 of79)
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Former astronaut Mark Kelly, husband of former congresswoman and handgun violence survivor Gabby Giffords, is joined by Reps. Mike Thompson (D-Calif.), Bob Dold (R-Ill.), Elizabeth Esty (D-Conn.) and Kathleen Rice (D-N.Y.) for a news conference about background checks for gun purchases in the Canon House Office Building on March 4, 2015. (credit:Chip Somodevilla via Getty Images)
Selfie Time(44 of79)
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Rep. Sean Duffy (R-Wis.), shoots a video selfie as he heads to the House floor for votes on March 4, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Giffords' Voice(45 of79)
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Former Congresswoman and handgun violence survivor Gabby Giffords (D-Ariz.) speaks during a news conference about background checks for gun purchases at the Canon House Office Building on Capitol Hill on March 4, 2015. (credit:Chip Somodevilla via Getty Images)
Netanyahu Speaks(46 of79)
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Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu waves as he steps to the lectern prior to speaking before a joint meeting of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington on March 3, 2015. House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio, left, and Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) applaud. (credit:Andrew Harnik/Associated Press)
Netanyahu Speaks(47 of79)
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Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu waves after speaking before a joint meeting of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington on March 3, 2015. (credit:J. Scott Applewhite/Associated Press)
Twinning(48 of79)
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House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) chuckles as she starts a news conference by donning dark glasses, a teasingly sympathetic gesture to Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) as he recovers from a serious injury to his right eye, suffered while exercising at his Nevada home during the holidays. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite) (credit:J. Scott Applewhite/Associated Press)
Smooch(49 of79)
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House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) responds to reporters about the impasse over passing the Homeland Security budget because of Republican efforts to block President Barack Obama\'s executive actions on immigration on Feb. 26, 2015, during a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington. (credit:J. Scott Applewhite/Associated Press)
Code Pink Targets Kerry(50 of79)
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Code Pink protesters hold up a sign as Secretary of State John Kerry arrives on Capitol Hill in Washington on Feb. 25, 2015, to testify before a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing. (credit:Carolyn Kaster/Associated Press)
Cool Shades(51 of79)
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U.S. Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) (left) speaks as Sen. Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) listens during a news briefing after the weekly Senate Democratic Policy Luncheon on Feb. 24, 2015. Reid was wearing glasses following a recent eye surgery. (credit:Alex Wong via Getty Images)
Space Socks(52 of79)
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The socks of former NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin are shown as he testifies before the Senate Space, Science, and Competitiveness Subcommittee on Capitol Hill on Feb. 24, 2015. (credit:Win McNamee via Getty Images)
Kerry Plots(53 of79)
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Secretary of State John Kerry appears before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs on Feb. 24, 2015, to talk about fiscal year 2016 funding for the State Department. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Liberace In Washington(54 of79)
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A cardboard cutout of Las Vegas star Liberace stands outside the office of Rep. Dina Titus (D-Nev.) in the Cannon House Office Building on Feb. 18, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Workers Rally(55 of79)
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Rep. Keith Ellison (D-Minn.) attends a rally with labor groups, including the American Federation of Government Employees, in Upper Senate Park to support federal workers and the working class, on Feb. 10, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Senate Laughter(56 of79)
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Sen. Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) (3rd L) laughs as he talks to (L-R) Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.), Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) and Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-Ala.) before a news conference on currency and trade Feb. 10, 2015, on Capitol Hill. (credit:Alex Wong via Getty Images)
Carrying Reagan Through The Capitol(57 of79)
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Rep. Darrell Issa (R-Calif.) walks through the basement of the Capitol with a painting of former President Ronald Reagan by artist Steve Penley on Feb. 11, 2015. The painting will be added to Issa\'s collection of Reagan memorabilia. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Sad Speaker(58 of79)
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Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-Ohio) holds his weekly press conference in the Capitol on Feb. 5, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Group Hug(59 of79)
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Sen. Tim Scott (R-S.C.) gives a group hug to students from the Richard Wright Public Charter School in Washington, D.C., during his National School Choice Forum in the Hart Senate Office Building on Feb. 9, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Ukraine In Washington(60 of79)
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Patriarch Filaret, head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, speaks during a press conference on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., on Feb. 5, 2015. Delegates from the Ukrainian Parliament joined members of the House of Representatives to appeal for lethal military aid from the U.S. (credit:Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images)
Back On The Hill(61 of79)
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Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) speaks to the media as Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) listens, following the Senate Democrats\' policy lunch on Feb. 3, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
CodePink(62 of79)
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The protest group CodePink disrupts a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing, carrying banners calling former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger a \"war criminal\" as he and fellow former Secretary of States George Shultz and Madeleine Albright were set to testify on U.S. national security on Capitol Hill on Jan. 29, 2015. (credit:Andrew Harnik/The Washington Post via Getty Images)
Democratic Retreat(63 of79)
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Naomi Sherman, 4, right, along with her father, Rep. Brad Sherman (D-Calif.); mother, Lisa; and sisters, Lucy, 2, and Molly, 5, prepares to board a bus that will take House Democrats and their families to a retreat in Philadelphia on Jan. 28, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Did You See That?(64 of79)
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Sen. Dan Sullivan (R-Alaska), left, and Rep. Don Young (R-Alaska) talk before a news conference in the Capitol\'s Senate studio to \"respond to the Obama administration\'s efforts to lock up millions of acres of the nation\'s richest oil and natural gas prospects on the Arctic coastal plain and move to block development of Alaska\'s offshore resources\" on Jan. 26, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
That's A Big Hammer(65 of79)
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U.S. Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa), left, reacts as Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) brings out a giant gavel while making remarks during an executive business meeting of the Senate Judiciary Committee on Jan. 22, 2015. Leahy ceremonially passed the gavel to Grassley who has taken up the chairmanship after the Republicans won the majority in the Senate. (credit:Alex Wong via Getty Images)
State Of The Union Excitement(66 of79)
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Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) speaks with Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee (D-Texas) as senators arrive for President Barack Obama\'s State of the Union address in the Capitol on Jan. 20, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
SOTU Selfie(67 of79)
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Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-Calif.) takes a selfie with Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) as Rep. John Shimkus (R-Ill.) sits nearby before President Barack Obama\'s State of the Union address on Jan. 20, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Hello, Mr. President(68 of79)
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President Barack Obama, bottom right, is greeted by Rep. Terri Sewell (D-Ala.), center, as he arrives to deliver the State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress on Jan. 20, 2015. (credit:Pete Marovich/Bloomberg via Getty Images)
Making His Point(69 of79)
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Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) holds a news conference on the budget on Jan. 16, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Searching The Senator(70 of79)
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Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-La.) and his wife, Laura, have their luggage inspected by a police dog before boarding a bus that will take Republican senators to a retreat in Hershey, Pa., January 14, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Retreating From Capitol Hill(71 of79)
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Rep. Erik Paulsen (R-Minn.) walks by immigration protesters on his way to one of the buses outside the Rayburn House Office Building as House Republicans prepare to head to Hershey, Pa., for their retreat with Senate Republicans on Jan. 14, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Just A Joke(72 of79)
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Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) fools around with colleagues upon arriving for a news conference on Guantanamo detainees in the Senate studio on Jan. 13, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Oh Boy!(73 of79)
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Rep. Luis Gutierrez (D-Ill.) speaks during a press conference on Capitol Hill on Jan. 13, 2015. House Democrats spoke about U.S. President Barack Obama\'s executive actions on immigration. (credit:Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images)
Frustration(74 of79)
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(credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Paying Off The Bet(75 of79)
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From left, Sens. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.), Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) and Rob Portman (R-Ohio) make symbols that spell \"Ohio\" on Jan. 13, 2015, as the result of a football bet. Ohio State beat the University of Oregon 42-20 in the NCAA national football championship. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Cleanliness(76 of79)
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Sen. Richard Burr (R-N.C.) sanitizes his hands while talking on his cell phone outside the Mansfield Room in the Capitol on Jan. 8, 2015. (credit:Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Hats In The Hallways(77 of79)
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Rep. Frederica Wilson (D-Fla.) walks with her family through the Will Rogers Hallway after the swearing-in of the 114th Congress on the House floor on Jan. 6, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Baby Face(78 of79)
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Rep. Henry Cuellar (D-Texas) holds Andrea Elena Castro, daughter of Joaquin Castro (D-Texas), second from right, before the 114th Congress was sworn in on the House floor of the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2015. (credit:Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call via Getty Images)
Snowy First Day(79 of79)
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Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-Ohio) leaves a church service on Capitol Hill on Jan. 6, 2015, the first day of the 114th Congress. (credit:Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images)

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