教育への攻撃が世界中で戦略として使われていることが、調査により明らかに

ニューヨーク)学校や大学とともに、学生、教師、研究者が世界各地の紛争で意図的な攻撃対象となっていると、「教育を攻撃から守る世界連合(GCPEA)」は本日公表の報告書(全250頁)で指摘した。「攻撃される教育 2014年版」は、2009年から2013年にかけて攻撃が発生した70カ国を特定。うち30カ国では意図的な攻撃が行われていた。
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学校、生徒、教職員は戦闘に巻き込まれるだけではなく、攻撃の標的になることも非常に多い。教育関係者だというだけの理由で、爆撃、放火、射撃、脅迫、拉致の対象となっている。教育関係者は無防備で手頃な標的とみなされている。政府や武装集団は、教育関係者を戦争戦術として使わないよう保護すべきだ。

ディヤ・ニジョ-ネ、教育を攻撃から守る世界連合(GCPEA)代表

(ニューヨーク)学校や大学とともに、学生、教師、研究者が世界各地の紛争で意図的な攻撃対象となっていると、「教育を攻撃から守る世界連合(GCPEA)」は本日公表の報告書(全250頁)で指摘した。「攻撃される教育 2014年版」は、2009年から2013年にかけて攻撃が発生した70カ国を特定。うち30カ国では意図的な攻撃が行われていた。

「教育を攻撃から守る世界連合(GCPEA)」のディヤ・ニジョ-ネ(Diya Nijhowne)代表は「学校、生徒、教職員は戦闘に巻き込まれるだけではなく、攻撃の標的になることも非常に多い」と指摘。「教育関係者だというだけの理由で、爆撃、放火、射撃、脅迫、拉致の対象となっている。教育関係者は無防備で手頃な標的とみなされている。政府や武装集団は、教育関係者を戦争戦術として使わないよう保護すべきだ。」

非国家武装集団、および政府軍や治安部隊は、ともに自己利益のために教育を攻撃しているとGCPEAは指摘。たとえば、敵のシンパ地域に対しその報復として攻撃をする場合や、学校や教師を国家の象徴とみなして危害を加えて政府の統治能力がないことを示そうとする場合、学校施設を拠点化する勢力を攻撃する場合、特定の思想の普及(例えば女子教育など)を妨害するために攻撃を仕掛ける場合などがある。

学校の運動場が宗派間暴力の決着の場になることも多い。民族主義的な仏教徒200人は2013年3月、ミャンマーのメイクティーラでイスラーム学校に放火。生徒に暴行して火を放ち、1人の首をはねた。この事件では生徒32人と教師4人が殺害された。

「ここ5年間をみると、教育への攻撃により学生、教師、研究者数百人が死亡したほか、多数の負傷者が出ている」と、前出のニジョ-ネ代表は指摘。「何十万もの生徒と学生が教育を受ける権利を奪われている。通うべき学校や大学の意図的な損傷や破壊、軍事目的利用が原因だ。」

今回の調査が取り上げた30カ国のうち24カ国では、紛争当事者が学校を部分的または全面的に占拠し、基地や兵舎、射撃場所、武器庫として用いていた。シリアでは1,000校が拘禁や拷問の場所として使われているとみられる。安全な学びの場であるはずの建物が、軍事利用によって攻撃対象となり、実際の戦場と化している。

ソマリアでは、武装民兵組織が学校内に築いた基地を拠点に政府軍と戦っている。ある少年は、2010年の授業中に起きた恐ろしい出来事を「学校が攻撃を受けたとき、雷鳴のような音がした。そして大きな爆発があった」と回想した。この攻撃では子ども3人が死亡、6人が負傷した。

イデオロギー対立が暴力的なのものになると、教育が主要な標的の一つとなることがある。ナイジェリア北部の寄宿舎学校の寮は2013年7月、銃で襲撃された。夜、生徒の就寝時に放火し、逃げようとする生徒に発砲したのだ。少なくとも生徒22人と教師1人が死亡。

直後に公開されたビデオで、イスラム主義武装勢力ボコ・ハラムの指導者ブバカル・シェカウは犯行を認めてこう述べた。「西洋式の教育を行う教師たちよ、殺してやる! 殺してやる!」 こうした攻撃に対し政府は何ヶ月にもわたり学校を閉鎖するなどの対応をとることとなり、実質的に生徒の教育を受ける権利が奪われてしまう。

GCPEAは高等教育への攻撃についても調査を行った。これまで初等・中等教育に比べて調査が手薄だった分野だ。大学校舎や学生、大学教員への攻撃が行われたのは、調査対象国のうち28カ国に及んだ。新たな思想やイノベーションを否定するために攻撃が行われる場合もあった。メキシコではナノテクノロジーに反対する集団が、大学構内と研究施設に対して爆弾攻撃を7回行い、研究者1人を殺害したことを認めている。

また、反体制運動の拡大を阻止し、政治的な抗議行動を抑え、デリケートな話題の議論を制限するために攻撃が行われることもある。イラクではこの5年間で大学教員26人が殺害された。昨年、ディラヤ大学の学長は暗殺未遂事件に遭遇し、ボディーガード2人が死亡した。

「教育を攻撃から守る連合」の調査によれば2009年から12年のあいだに、学生や教員が特に危険な状況に置かれていたのは、深刻な影響またはきわめて深刻な影響を受けている13か国(アフガニスタン、コロンビア、コートジボワール、コンゴ民主共和国、イラク、イスラエル/パレスチナ、リビア、メキシコ、パキスタン、ソマリア、スーダン、シリア、イエメン)。それぞれの国では、教育施設への攻撃またはその軍事使用が少なくとも500件以上、あるいは教育関連での死者が500人から最大で1,000人以上報告されている。

データの集計にあたって「教育を攻撃から守る連合」が主に依拠したのは、国連、信頼できる人権団体、マスコミから得た情報である。同連合はまた国別専門家に聞き取りを行い、一部では委託による現地調査を行った。「攻撃される教育 2014年版」に先立ち、ユネスコから2007年と2010年に報告書が発表されている。

「教育を攻撃から守る連合」はまた、教育を保護する方法を探究してきた。たとえば、攻撃を調査し犯人を訴追すること、紛争当事者との協議により学校を安全地域に指定すること、紛争地で学校や教師を選挙事務にかかわらせないこと、様々なアイデンティティ集団に教育への平等なアクセスを保障すること、カリキュラム改善によって偏向教育という認識を改めさせ、多様性の尊重を構築することなどが挙げられる。

とくに、「教育を攻撃から守る連合」は「学校の軍事目的使用に関するガイドライン」(日本語版)の広範な採用を訴えている。この指針は、国際人権基準と国際人道法に基づくほか、武力紛争下においても教育を保護するベストプラクティスに基づく。

教育を攻撃から守る世界連合(GCPEA)は、難民支援大学人評議会(CARA)、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ、国際教育研究所、不安定情勢と紛争下における教育の保護プログラム(Protect Education in Insecurity and Conflict)、セーブ・ザ・チルドレン、危険な状況にある研究者保護ネットワーク、ユネスコ、国連難民高等弁務官事務所、ユニセフである。GCPEAはタイズ財団のプロジェクト。同財団は米国の内国歳入法第501条c項3号に規定される非営利団体である。

(2014年2月27日「ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ」より転載)

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epa04013901 A student holds the portrait of Atizaz Hassan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, at the government boy痴 school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country痴 highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Hasan, 15, a ninth-grade student in Hangu district of north-western Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, died on 06 Janu (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013902 Classmates of Atizaz Hassan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, take class at the government boy痴 school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country痴 highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan, 15, a ninth-grade student in Hangu district of north-western Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, died on 06 Jan (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013903 A student holds the portrait of Atizaz Hasan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, at the government boy痴 school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country\'s highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan died on 06 January when he tackled the bomber at the gate of the school compound. The bomber then (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013904 A student holds the portrait of Atizaz Hasan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, at the government boy痴 school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country\'s highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan died on 06 January when he tackled the bomber at the gate of the school compound. The bomber then (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013905 Mujtaba Hasan (2-L) brother of Atizaz Hassan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, sits with classmates and a portrait of his brother at the government boy\'s school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country\'s highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan died on 06 January when he tackled the bomber (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013906 Classmates of Atizaz Hassan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, sits next to a portrait of him at the government boy痴 school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country痴 highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan, 15, a ninth-grade student in Hangu district of north-western Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa prov (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013907 Classmates of Atizaz Hasan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, leave their class at the government boy痴 school in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country\'s highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan died on 06 January when he tackled the bomber at the gate of the school compound. The bomber then (credit:時事通信社)
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epa04013917 Unidentified relatives of Atizaz Hasan, a boy who sacrificed his life to stop a suicide bomber outside their school gate, stand outside his house in Hangu, Pakistan, 10 January 2014. The Pakistani government will consider conferring the country\'s highest civil honour on Aitzaz Hassan, a teenage boy who died when he stopped a Taliban suicide bomber from blowing up a school. Aitizaz Hasan died on 06 January when he tackled the bomber at the gate of the school compound. The bomber then detonated hi (credit:時事通信社)
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