サイの角や象牙の密猟が止まらない 日本・中国の「象牙の合法的取引」も引き金に

南アフリカで、2013年に犀角を採取するために密猟で殺されたサイの数が1000頭以上になった。痛ましいまでのこの数字は、南アフリカで過去最悪のものとなった。ロイターによると、2012年に比べて倍増している。
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■ サイの密猟、南アフリカで過去最悪を記録

犀角(さいかく=サイの角)や象牙の密猟が、ここ数年極めて深刻化している。

南アフリカで、2013年に犀角を採取するために密猟で殺されたサイの数は1000頭以上になった。痛ましいまでのこの数字は、南アフリカで過去最悪のものとなった。ロイターによると、2012年に比べて倍増している。

南アフリカは世界最大のサイの生息地である。1000頭以上に及ぶサイの大量殺害は、自然保護活動家による報告書にも緊急問題として警告されている。クロサイは国際自然保護連合(IUCN)のレッドリストで「絶滅危惧IA類」(ごく近い将来における野生での絶滅の危険性が極めて高いもの)と指定されている。また、シロサイは「準絶滅危惧種」(現時点での絶滅危険度は小さいが、生息条件の変化によっては「絶滅危惧」に移行する可能性のある種)とされている。これらのサイの亜種はいずれも南アフリカに生息している。

サイの密猟数が急激に上昇した背景には、アジアで角の需要がうなぎのぼりになっている事情がある。犀角や象牙を所有することで社会的地位の高さを示せる一方、体に良いという言い伝えから薬の原料とされている。犀角はガンから糖尿病までありとあらゆるものを治療できる漢方薬として、1kgあたり10万ドルまで取引価格が高騰している。

特にベトナムでは犀角の粉末に対する需要がとどまるところを知らない。雑誌「スミソニアン・マガジン」のレポートによると、ベトナムで「末期の肝臓がんにかかった高級官僚がサイの角で回復した」という噂が数年前から流れていることが影響しているという。

南アフリカではサイの生息数減少に歯止めをかけようという取り組みが行われているが、イギリスの新聞「テレグラフ」によると、北東部のクルーガー国定公園では公園のレンジャー(警備隊員)がハンターになってしまい、密猟取り締まりのために配置されたはずの南アフリカ軍の隊員ですら密猟に加わってサイの生息数に大きな打撃を与えているという。2013年には300人以上が密猟の疑いで逮捕されているが、密猟組織は緻密な戦略と豊富な資金を使い、法の目をかいくぐっているのが実情だ

■ 象牙の密猟、日本と中国の「合法的象牙取引」によって復活

一方、象牙の密猟も後を絶たず、世界では毎年1万2000頭のゾウが殺害されていると推定される。

象牙の取引はワシントン条約(絶滅のおそれのある野生動植物の種の国際取引に関する条約)で禁止されており、1997年までは規制の対象となる動植物のリストの中で取引がもっとも厳しく制限される「附属書I」(絶滅の恐れのある種で、国際取引による影響を受けているか受けることのある種が掲げられており、商業目的の国際取引は禁止)に引き上げられていた。しかし、ゾウの個体数が増加傾向にあるため、ゾウの保護、管理が安定している南部アフリカの4カ国(ボツワナ、ナミビア、ジンバブエ、南アフリカ)では、自然死などで採取された象牙の販売を求めた。

1997年のワシントン条約締結国会議でナミビアと南アフリカが、取引制限を緩和する「附属書II」(国際取引を規制しないと絶滅のおそれのある種が掲げられており、商業目的の取引はできるが、輸出国政府の管理当局が発行する輸出許可書が必要)に戻した。その後ボツワナとジンバブエも「附属書II」に戻している。

その後、日本では2000年に実験的に「合法的な象牙」を約50トン買い取った。そして、2002年11月のワシントン条約締結国会議で、条約が定めた基準を満たす国内取引の監視システムがあるとされた日本と中国に対して2008年の1回に限り南部アフリカからの象牙の取引が許可され、日本は108トンの象牙を買い取った。

しかし、実際の象牙取引市場で、合法的な取引による象牙と、闇ルートによる違法取引で流通する象牙の区別は容易ではない。獣医で、アフリカの家畜診療プロジェクトに携わる滝田明日香氏は、雑誌「THE BIG ISSUE JAPAN」第178号で次のように指摘している。

本来なら自然死や害獣コントロールで殺されたゾウの象牙だけが国際取引の対象になるはずだった日本と南部アフリカ諸国の合法象牙取引は、実際には「アフリカゾウの乱殺」と「象牙のローンダリング」(違法象牙を合法の象牙として流通させる)が可能な土台を築き上げてしまった。

高まるアジアの需要から、急激に増加した犀角や象牙の密猟。象牙の闇取引が横行していたタイは、2013年3月に行われたワシントン条約締結国会議で象牙の国内取引を終了することを宣言した。合法的取引と違法取引の区別がつかない現状では、合法的取引が認められた日本や中国でも、違法取引撲滅の具体的な対策が求められる。

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