スコットランドが独立すると世界の金融センターとしてのロンドンの地位はどうなる?

スコットランドの住民投票が9月18日に迫っています。もしスコットランドの市民が独立にYESを表明した場合、世界の金融センターとしてのロンドンの地位はどうなってしまうのでしょうか?そこでまず英国にとって金融サービスがいかに大切かを確認しておきたいと思います。下はGDPに占める金融サービス業の比率です。
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'Yes' campaign supporter waves a flag outside Usher Hall ahead of the 'A Night for Scotland' concert in Edinburgh, Scotland on September 14, 2014. Campaigners for and against Scottish independence raced to win over undecided voters ahead of Thursday's historic referendum, as religious leaders prayed for harmony and music fans gathered for a separatist concert. The Church of Scotland's moderator John Chalmers called for Scots to 'live in harmony with one another' whatever the result and hailed the run-up to the independence vote as 'a wonderful democratic concerto'. AFP PHOTO/LEON NEAL (Photo credit should read LEON NEAL/AFP/Getty Images)
LEON NEAL via Getty Images

スコットランドの住民投票が9月18日に迫っています。もしスコットランドの市民が独立にYESを表明した場合、世界の金融センターとしてのロンドンの地位はどうなってしまうのでしょうか?

そこでまず英国にとって金融サービスがいかに大切かを確認しておきたいと思います。下はGDPに占める金融サービス業の比率です。

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2013年の時点で英国の金融サービス業がGDPに占める割合は6.8%でした。これはピークの9.7%から下がっていますが、それはリーマンショックの影響です。比率が下がったとはいえ、主要先進国の中ではいちばん金融サービス業への依存度が高いです。

実際、ロンドンの金融サービス業は英国国内で必要とされる金融サービス業のキャパシティを超えた「過剰設備」の状態となっています。言い換えれば、金融サービスを輸出することを前提にした構造になっているということです。

これを確認するために先ず輸出に占めるサービスの割合を見ます。

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イギリスはサービス輸出がダントツに多いことがわかります。

次にそのサービス輸出の中で金融業が占める割合を見ます。

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イギリスの場合、抜きん出て金融比率が高いことがわかります。

伝統的資産の運用残高は下のグラフのようになっています。

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店頭デリバティブの取引シェアでは英国がナンバーワンです。

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為替取引のシェアでもロンドンは最大です。

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第二次大戦後の1948年、英国の工業(石油・ガス、製造業、電力など)はGDPの41%を占めていました。しかし今日ではそれは僅か14%に縮小しています。製造業に限って言えば、現在、GDPに占める割合は10%であり、これは日本の19%の約半分です。

また英国は「箱物」などに対する公共投資がGDPに占める割合が低いことで知られています。

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それは北海油田からの政府歳入が減っても、その影響は比較的軽微であることを示唆しています。

スコットランドが独立しても、それがロンドンの金融サービスの人材プールに悪影響を及ぼすとは考えにくいです。地下資源は取り尽くせば枯渇しますが、金融サービスは枯渇しません

スコットランドが離れて行った場合、英国自体もEUから離れてゆくと予想する向きが多いです。これは確かにそうかもしれません。しかし仮に英国がEUを離脱した場合でも、それでロンドンの金融センターの地位が脅かされると考えるのは早計だと思います。

ビッグバンを通じて英国の金融立国化を強力に推進したマーガレット・サッチャーは、EU懐疑派でブリュッセルからの支配に対しブルドッグのように噛み付きました。その理由は、楽市楽座的な自由な空気を守らなければ高収入を狙う、良い人材が集められないからです。

その点、EUはリーマンショック以降、投資銀行への規制を強化する方針を打ち出しています。英国は、これまでもずっとそうであったように、そういう規制強化に抵抗する動きを見せています。

スコットランドが離脱すると短期的にはポンド、イギリス株などは大混乱になると予想されますが、長期で考えれば先細りの北海油田を取るか、それとも英国のコア・コンピタンスとなっている金融サービスの独立性を取るか? という二者択一を迫られたら、答えは自ずと明らかです。

(文責:広瀬隆雄、Editor in Chief、Market Hack

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(2014年9月15日「Market Hack」より転載)

スコットランド独立住民投票、現地はいま
Scotland's Yes Campaign Continues On The Scottish Borders(01 of56)
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Alex Salmond talks to the press during a visit to Edinburgh campaigning as "Team Scotland against Team Westminster". (credit:David Cheskin/PA Wire)
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Nicola Sturgeon, Alex Salmond and Jim Sillars talk to the press during a visit to Edinburgh campaigning as "Team Scotland against Team Westminster". (credit:David Cheskin/PA Wire)
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Campaigners wait for Alex Salmond during a visit to Edinburgh campaigning as "Team Scotland against Team Westminster". (credit:David Cheskin/PA Wire)
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Prime Minister David Cameron speaks during a visit to Scottish Widows offices in Edinburgh, where he made an impassioned plea to keep Scotland part of the union, saying he would be "heartbroken" if the UK was torn apart. (credit:Andrew Milligan/PA Wire)
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Gordon Brown Speech At Scottish Labour Headquarters(28 of56)
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Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(30 of56)
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Scottish independence referendum(31 of56)
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Members of English Scots for Yes hold a \'Border tea party\' at the border at the border between Scotland and England just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a YouGov poll puts the pro-independence campaign in the Scottish independence referendum ahead for the first time. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(32 of56)
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Scottish independence referendum(33 of56)
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Members of English Scots for Yes hold a \'Border tea party\' at the border at the border between Scotland and England just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a YouGov poll puts the pro-independence campaign in the Scottish independence referendum ahead for the first time. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(34 of56)
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Independence Posters Seen Throughout Scotland(35 of56)
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SELKIRK, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 10: A No campaign placard is placed on a gate on the edge of a farmers field in the Scottish borders on September 10, 2014 in Selkirk, Scotland. The Scottish referendum takes place next week and will determine if Scotland is to remain part of the United Kingdom. (Photo by Ian Forsyth/Getty Images) (credit:Ian Forsyth via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(36 of56)
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Ronnie Anderson from Edinburgh waves a Saltire flag beside the \'18 September 2014\' sign outside the Scottish Parliament, as there are 100 days to go until the referendum. (credit:Andrew Milligan/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(37 of56)
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A general view at the border between Scotland and England just north of Berwick-upon-Tweed as a YouGov poll puts the pro-independence campaign in the Scottish independence referendum ahead for the first time. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(38 of56)
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The Saltire Flies Above Downing Street(39 of56)
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Gordon Brown Speech At Scottish Labour Headquarters(40 of56)
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GLASGOW, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 9: Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown delivers a speech to a packed room at Scottish Labour campaign headquarters on September 9, 2014 in Glasgow, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Mark Runnacles/Getty Images) (credit:Mark Runnacles via Getty Images)
Gordon Brown Speech At Scottish Labour Headquarters(41 of56)
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GLASGOW, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 9: Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown delivers a speech to a packed room at Scottish Labour campaign headquarters on September 9, 2014 in Glasgow, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Mark Runnacles/Getty Images) (credit:Mark Runnacles via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(42 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Yes flags and placards are placed in a window on the Royal Mile on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh,Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(43 of56)
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Deputy First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and actor Alan Cumming outside the Yes Kelvin campaign hub in Glasgow ahead of the Scottish independence referendum vote on September 18. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(44 of56)
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Deputy First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and actor Alan Cumming outside the Yes Kelvin campaign hub in Glasgow ahead of the Scottish independence referendum vote on September 18. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(45 of56)
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Deputy First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and leader of Plaid Cymru Leanne Wood, campaign to say that a Yes vote is the only way to secure the status and funding of ScotlandÕs NHS, during a photocall in Glasgow, as the campaign ahead of the Scottish independence referendum continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(46 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Better Together campaigners join the Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson, Scottish Labour leader Johann Lamont and Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie, as they announce their backing for more powers for Scotland on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh,Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(47 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Better Together campaigners join the Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson, Scottish Labour leader Johann Lamont and Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie, as they announce their backing for more powers for Scotland on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh,Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(48 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Yes supporters await the arrival of First Minister Alex Salmond, during an event wher he met with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(49 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: Yes supporters await the arrival of First Minister Alex Salmond, during an event wher he met with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(50 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: First Minister Alex Salmond, meets with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(51 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: First Minister Alex Salmond, meets with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(52 of56)
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EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 09: (EDITORS NOTE: This image is a re-crop of image #455028102) First Minister Alex Salmond, meets with Scots and other European citizens to celebrate European citizenship and Scotland\'s continued EU membership with a possible Yes vote on September 9, 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote yes or no on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Sturgeon argued that a Yes vote would present an opportunity for all of Scotland\'s communities to work together to build a fairer and more prosperous country. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Jeff J Mitchell via Getty Images)
Yes And No Campaigns Take To The Streets Of Edinburgh And Glasgow(53 of56)
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GLASGOW, SCOTLAND - SEPTEMBER 9: Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon (MSP), and anti-poverty campaigner and lifelong Labour Party member Bob Holman on the Yes Campaign trail pose with \'Yes\' campaigners in Easterhouse on September 9, 2014 in Glasgow, Scotland. With just eight days of campaigning left before voters will go to the polls to vote Yes or No on whether Scotland should become an independent country, Alex Salmond has suggested that the No campaign is falling apart. (Photo by Mark Runnacles/Getty Images) (credit:Mark Runnacles via Getty Images)
Scottish independence referendum(54 of56)
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Labour leader Ed Miliband campaigns in the Scottish independence referendum near the Blantyre miners community resource centre in Scotland. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(55 of56)
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SNP leader Alex Salmond during a visit to Brownings Bakers bakery in Kilmarnock, Scotland where he was presented with Aye branded cakes, as the Scottish independence referendum campaign continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)
Scottish independence referendum(56 of56)
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A Better Together supporters is pictured in Princes Street Gardens in Edinburgh, Scotland, as the Scottish independence referendum campaign continues. (credit:Danny Lawson/PA Wire)