南スーダンPKO、陸自施設部隊が撤収へ これまでの経緯は?

5月末に撤収させる方針を決めた。
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2016年11月21日、首都ジュバの空港に到着した陸上自衛隊の施設部隊。Bullen Chol/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

政府は3月10日、首相官邸で国家安全保障会議(NSC)を開催し、南スーダンでの国連平和維持(PKO)活動に派遣している陸上自衛隊の施設部隊を5月末に撤収させる方針を決めた。朝日新聞デジタルなどが報じた。

安倍晋三首相は撤収する理由として、「自衛隊が担当している(首都)ジュバにおける施設整備は一定の区切りをつけることができる」と述べた。ジュバでは2016年7月に大規模な銃撃戦が発生するなど、南スーダンの悪化している治安情勢を考慮に入れた可能性もある。

■ 南スーダンPKO、これまでの経緯は?

国連安全保障理事会は2011年7月8日、翌9日に独立した南スーダンの治安維持やインフラ整備を担う平和維持活動(PKO)部隊「国連南スーダン派遣団(UNMISS)」の派遣を承認した。

国連PKO局は7月12日にニューヨークでの関係諸国との会合で、日本政府に対して自衛隊の派遣を要請。8月8日、菅直人首相(当時)が首相官邸で国連の潘基文事務総長と会談し、道路整備などを担う陸上自衛隊施設部隊の派遣を要請し、菅首相は「しっかり対応したい」と応じた。

菅内閣の総辞職を受け9月2日に首相に就任した野田佳彦氏は、23日の国連総会演説でPKOへの派遣に意欲を表明し、現地に派遣された第1次、第2次の政府調査団の報告により、比較的治安が安定している首都ジュバで「早期の部隊派遣や活動開始が可能」と結論づけた。

野田政権は2011年11月1日の閣議で陸上自衛隊の施設部隊を派遣する方針を決定。15日に、UNMISSに司令部2人と連絡調整要員1人を派遣する実施計画と政令を閣議決定した。

以来、現在350人あまりが活動している11次隊まで、ジュバと周辺地域で道路や橋などの整備に当たってきた。

ジュバでは2016年7月に270人以上が死亡する武力衝突が発生し、自衛隊宿営地の隣にあるビルでも銃撃戦が起きた。野党側から「(政府軍と反政府側の)戦闘ではなかったのか」と追及があり、「PKO参加5原則」を満たしていないという指摘も出た。安倍首相は10月11日の参院予算委員会で、「戦闘行為ではなかった」との認識を示している

PKO協力法に盛り込まれている「PKO参加5原則」では、自衛隊のPKO派遣には「(1)紛争当事者間の停戦合意が成立」「(2)受け入れ国を含む紛争当事者の同意」「(3)中立的立場の厳守」「(4) (1)〜(3)の条件が満たされなくなった場合に撤収が可能」「(5)武器使用は要員防護のための必要最小限に限る」と定められている。

■ 「駆けつけ警護」の任務付与

安倍政権は2016年11月、11次隊に対し、3月29日に施行された安全保障関連法に基づき、離れた場所で武装勢力に襲われた国連職員やNGO職員、他国軍の兵士らを助けに向かう「駆けつけ警護」の任務を付与することを決定した。

防衛省が2017年2月に公開した陸上自衛隊部隊の日報で、政府が否定していた「戦闘」という表現が使われていたことが判明。稲田朋美防衛相は8日の衆院予算委員会で「国会答弁する場合には、(戦闘という)憲法9条上の問題になる言葉は使うべきではないことから『武力衝突』という言葉を使っている」と答弁し、野党から辞任を求める声が上がった。

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南スーダン国連平和維持活動(PKO)派遣の自衛隊部隊を撤収させる方針を発表する安倍晋三首相

■ 安倍首相「一定の区切り」

NSC終了後、安倍首相は記者団に撤収方針を表明した。全文は以下の通り。

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南スーダンに派遣中の自衛隊施設部隊は、現在従事している道路整備が終わる5月末をもってその活動を終了することを決定致しました。

南スーダンPKOへの自衛隊部隊の派遣は、今年1月に5年を迎え、自衛隊の施設部隊の派遣としては、過去最長となります。その間、首都ジュバと各地を結ぶ幹線道路の整備など、独立間もない南スーダンの国づくりに大きな貢献を果たしてまいりました。

南スーダンの国づくりが新たな段階を迎える中、自衛隊が担当しているジュバにおける施設整備は一定の区切りをつけることができると判断致しました。

この5年にわたる自衛隊の活動は、過去最大規模の実績を積み重ねてまいりました。この日本政府の方針は事前に南スーダン、そして国連にお伝えをしております。

キール大統領は、これまでの自衛隊の活動を高く評価し、感謝すると言葉を伝えてくれました。

我々は、これからも南スーダンPKO司令部への自衛隊要員の派遣は継続致します。そして、人道支援を充実させるなど、積極的平和主義の旗のもと、国際社会と手を携えて、南スーダンの平和と発展のために出来る限りの貢献を行っていく考えであります。

第1次隊から第11次隊まで合わせると南スーダンに派遣された施設部隊の隊員は、のべ3850余名を数えます。日本から遠く離れた灼熱の地にあって、立派にその任務を果たしてくれている隊員たち一人一人に、そして隊員たちを送り出してくれた家族の皆様に、自衛隊の最高指揮官として心から感謝申し上げたいと思います。

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南スーダンPKO
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