南スーダンの子供、200万人以上が避難民に 5人に1人の子供が住む場所を追われる

少なくとも10万人が現在飢饉に直面している。

国連児童基金(ユニセフ)と国連難民高等弁務官事務所(UNHCR)は5月8日、3年半前に勃発した残忍な紛争から逃れるため、国内外で避難民となった子供たちが200万人以上いると発表した。国内避難民、周辺国に脱出した子供がそれぞれ100万人以上いるという。

南スーダンの約5人に1人の子供が、世界で最も若いこの国で猛威を振るう暴力の連鎖や混乱で、住む場所を追われている。

2011年7月9日にスーダンから分離独立した南スーダンは世界で最も新しい国家だが、サルバ・キール大統領とリヤク・マシャール副大統領の権力争いによって、2013年12月から内戦状態になっている。国内には飢饉が蔓延し、残った住民たちも深刻な食糧危機に直面している。

世界食糧計画(WFP)によると、南スーダンの人口約1230万人のうち100万人が飢饉寸前の状態に追い込まれている。さらに少なくとも10万人が現在飢饉に直面している。

キール大統領政権が支援するスーダン人民解放軍と元第一副大統領のマシャール氏に忠誠を誓う反政府勢力が断続的に衝突し、和平交渉は崩壊し続けている。

首都ジュバで2016年7月に270人以上が死亡した武力衝突が発生したあと危機は急激に高まり、1日に最大3000人がウガンダなどの隣国への脱出を余儀なくされた。ウガンダも破壊的な内戦からの再建が続いている。

紛争が悪化するにつれ、政府は繰り返し人道支援活動を妨害し、支援団体のスタッフを追放することもあった。UNHCRが3月に出した報告書の中で、政府軍と民兵は何の罰も受けずにに民間人を虐待し、「戦争犯罪を隠蔽するための隠れ蓑として、継続中の紛争を利用している」と非難した。

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南スーダンの約5人に1人の子供が紛争によって住む場所を追われた。COURTESY OF UNICEF

南スーダンでは2016年9月以降100万人の難民が国から逃れた。それから8カ月も経たないうちに、南スーダンの難民の数は2倍近くになり、そのうち62%が子供だ。

何万もの難民の子供たちが家族と引き離され、さらに114万人の南スーダンの子供たちは国内で住む場所を追われている。

ユニセフの東部・南部アフリカ地域事務所レイラ・パッカラ氏によると、この急速な難民の大量流出は危機の深刻さを浮き彫りにしている。「将来世代が危機に瀕しています」とパッカラ氏は警告した。

内陸国である南スーダン国内に残った子供たちのうち、1000人以上が暴行を受け殺害され、約4分の3近くが学校に通っていない。国連は学校に通わない子供たちの割合が世界で最も高いと指摘する。また子供たちは軍に徴用されたり、性的虐待、搾取に遭いやすく、精神的ショックを抱えやすい。

UNHCRのアフリカ局長バレンティン・タプソバ氏は「現在、南スーダン以上に懸念する難民危機はありません」と警告した。「難民の子供たちがこの危機的状況の象徴になってしまうのは、極めて深刻な問題です。私たち、人道支援を担う人間はみな、彼らの命を救うため、今すぐ献身的で持続的な支援をするべきです」

ユニセフは2017年、南スーダンの難民を支援するため、1億8100万ドル(約205億円)の資金調達を目標としているが、わずか52%しか調達できていない 。支援する場合はこちらから寄付することができる。

ハフポストUS版より翻訳・加筆しました。

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南スーダンの難民危機
(01 of17)
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Michael T., 42, and his three children wait to be relocated from the Ocea Reception Centre to the Bidi Bidi refugee settlement. \"I was in Juba with my family on July 7. At around 10 a.m., we heard gunshots. People got confused. Everyone started running around, looking for shelter. My wife and oldest son were caught in the middle of gunfire. I lost them. My wife and my son.\" Location: Ocea Reception Centre, Nov. 4, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(02 of17)
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\"We escaped. But we are not in peace. We think of the lives of those left behind. We think of family and friends who cannot leave the villages.\" Joy M. is 28 years old. She came alone with her daughter across the border. Her husband is still stranded in Yei. \"In July, I had to bring my daughter to my sister who is married in Uganda, so that my daughter can stay in safety. In August, I had to run, too.\" Joy describes being stopped by Dinka soldiers along the journey to the border, as she was traveling in a car with other people. \"The Dinka men stopped the car and asked us to get out. They would not allow us to leave. We had to abandon the car and hide on the bush.\" Joy made the rest of the journey on foot. \"My husband is still in Yei. He can\'t move anywhere. I don\'t know when I will see him again. We are tired of this war. I think of my daughter. What future she will have in our country?\" Location: Ocea Reception Centre, Nov. 4, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(03 of17)
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According to UNHCR, the portion of women and children among the new arrivals continues to be more than 90 percent. The majority are from Eastern Equatoria, with smaller numbers from Juba. Location: Nyumazi Refugee Settlement, Oct. 28, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(04 of17)
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Newly arrived women and children refugees boarding a UNHCR bus at Elegu Collection Point, near the Nimule border -- one of the major entry points into South Sudan. From border entry points, the new arrivals are transported to established transit centers, before being transferred to nearby refugee settlements. Location: Elegu Collection Point, Oct. 27, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(05 of17)
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A group of women stand in the rain waiting to be registered and to receive their refugee status at Kuluba Collection Point.
Location: Kuluba Collection Point, Nov. 1, 2016.
(credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(06 of17)
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Many of those able to make the journey arrive in a worrying state of health after walking for days or weeks, often with no access to food and clean water, requiring immediate humanitarian assistance and medical attention. Location: Yoyo Health Centre, Bidibidi Refugee Settlement, Nov. 2, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(07 of17)
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Uganda has adopted a pioneering approach to refugee management and protection, integrating refugees within local host communities. Refugees are provided with land on which they are allowed to build new homes and grow crops, in an attempt to reduce their dependency on humanitarian aid. Refugees also have the right to work. Location Pagirinya Refugee Settlement, Oct. 29, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(08 of17)
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\"We had a case of a 9-year-old boy who was traveling alone with his 2-year-old brother and had to bury him because he died along the journey,\" said a Medical Teams International health worker at Elegu Collection Point. Location: Pagirinya Refugee Settlement, Oct. 29, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(09 of17)
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Staff from Medical Teams International is providing basic health care, ensuring all children are properly immunized, and screening for any signs of malnutrition. All of the work is done at reception centers and settlements. Location: Pagirinya Health Centre, Oct. 29, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(10 of17)
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A young mother and her child on arrival at Kuluba Collection Point, near the border with South Sudan. \"We walked through the bush for four days. My father is still in the village. He is too old to make the journey on foot,\" said Sarah A. Location: Kuluba Collection Point, Nov. 1, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(11 of17)
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At Elegu Collection Point, a family of refugees carries their luggage for relocation to Bidi Bidi settlement. Location: Elegu Collection Point, Oct. 27, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(12 of17)
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In the settlements, UNHCR together with the Office of The Prime Minister and World Food Programme work together to provide shelter, emergency relief items and food. Location: Ocea Reception Centre, Nov. 4, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(13 of17)
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A South Sudan refugee child is immunized and screened by a Medical Teams International clinical officer at the Kuluba Collection Point, before being transported to the new Bidi Bidi refugee settlement. As UNHCR’s lead partner in providing health interventions for refugees in West Nile, Medical Teams International has deployed health workers at each refugee entry point and is able to provide medical support to refugees that may need medical attention on arrival as well as in the camps. Location: Kuluba Collection Point, Nov. 1, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(14 of17)
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\"I don’t know whether my parents are alive or dead. It’s sad to see the youth of South Sudan abandoning their dreams and run for their life. The soldiers were coming to our villages at night, killing the men and raping the women. Why would you kill someone who is an innocent?\" asked Daniel N., 19.
Location: Ocea Reception Centre, Nov. 4, 2016.
(credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(15 of17)
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At 60 years old, Mary F. lives in Pagirinya refugee settlement with her son, two daughters and two grandchildren. \"The soldiers were coming, they were surrounding our houses, shooting and beating people. We were scared because we didn\'t know what was happening.\" Mary recalls the days before the family decided to flee to Uganda. \"We walked for two days. I arrived at Nimule very weak.\" Location: Pagirinya refugee settlement, Oct. 29, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(16 of17)
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\"This is the third time I am fleeing into Uganda. My wife is in trauma. We worked hard all our life. We had a house. We lost everything in 1990. We lost everything in October again. Every time we run, we have to start our life from zero.\" Originally from Yei, two of John\'s children were born in Uganda as refugees. \"I have not been able to communicate with my children for two weeks. They are still in Juba. There is no peace in Juba. But people are afraid of talking.\" John shares his dream of unity and peace among all tribes in South Sudan: \"The only way to end this cycle of violence and death is putting the power in the hands of a man who fears God. Our country won\'t be at peace until we have a president who puts people before himself. We are tired of running and being refugees.\" Location: Ocea Reception Centre, Nov. 4, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)
(17 of17)
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\"Before the war, life was good in our country,\" said Simon O., who is 75 years old and lives in Pagirinya refugee settlement with his daughter-in-law and six grandchildren. \"We had land and we could farm. Everything changed in July. We did not know that the fighting was coming. We came to Uganda with empty hands.\" Simon\'s son was killed during the violence that erupted in July. Simon traveled to the border using a motorbike driver, while the daughter-in-law and the children traveled on foot. Now a refugee, Simon lost his right leg after stepping on a land mine in 2005. Location: Pagirinya Refugee Settlement, Oct. 29, 2016. (credit:Natalia Jidovanu)

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