特別警報、発表の基準「50年に1度」 自治体に伝達義務づけも

数十年に1度の豪雨や台風などで、広範囲で大規模な災害が起きる危険が差し迫っているときに、気象庁が発表する「特別警報」の運用が8月30日、始まった。朝日新聞デジタルによると、「その地域で50年に1度の危険が予想されるとき」が発表の目安。安全の確保を強く促す、最大級の警戒を呼びかけるものだが、その活用や周知に課題も残る...
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数十年に1度の豪雨や台風などで、広範囲で大規模な災害が起きる危険が差し迫っているときに、気象庁が発表する「特別警報」の運用が8月30日、始まった。朝日新聞デジタルによると、「その地域で50年に1度の危険が予想されるとき」が発表の目安。安全の確保を強く促す、最大級の警戒を呼びかけるものだが、その活用や周知に課題も残る。

特別警報は、100人近い犠牲者が出た2011年の台風12号で大雨警報が十分な避難を促すことにつながらなかった反省を踏まえ、導入された。

この夏も、特別警報に相当する記録的な大雨が降っている。7月28日に気象庁が「命を守る行動をとるように」と最大級の警戒を呼びかけた山口・島根両県での豪雨や、8月9日の秋田・岩手両県での大雨では、土砂崩れや浸水などの甚大な被害が出た。NHKニュースによると、それぞれの地域で数十年に一度しか発生しないような記録的な大雨だったという。

東日本大震災(2011年)や5千人以上の死者・行方不明者を出した「伊勢湾台風」(1959年)、九州北部豪雨(2012年7月)、三宅島噴火(2000年)も特別警報に該当するケースだ(政府広報オンライン)。

■「特別警報」とは?:「50年に1度」が基準

特別警報の発表の目安は「『その地域』で50年に1度の危険が予想される時」(朝日新聞デジタル)。これまでの警報をはるかに上回る豪雨や大津波などが予想され、重大な災害の危険が差し迫った場合に発表される。朝日新聞デジタルによると、地域によって災害への耐性が違うため、具体的な基準は異なるという。例えば、8月9日の秋田・岩手豪雨で、特別警報に相当する雨が降ったとされた岩手県雫石町では、3時間降水量が最大で158ミリ。だが、多雨の四国や九州、沖縄の多くでは、この程度の降雨は必ずしも珍しいことではないため、発表の基準に達しない。

また、都道府県が市町村に、市町村が住民に危険を伝えることが義務づけられるのも、これまでの注意報・警報が出た場合と異なる点だ。

気象庁によると、発表基準は次の通り。

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(いずれも出典:気象庁ホームページ)

「『特別警報』が出てから避難」ではすでに遅い?

特別警報が発表された段階で、すでに避難が難しい状況に陥っている場合もある。

NHKニュースによると、前述の7月28日の記録的な大雨では、気象庁が午前11時20分ごろに「これまでに経験したことのないような大雨」という情報を発表、その後、記者会見も行ったが、そのときにはすでに各地で川の氾濫や浸水の被害が広がっていたと指摘する。気象庁は「特別警報が発表されないからといって安心は禁物。大雨などにおいては、時間を追って段階的に発表される気象情報、注意報、警報を活用し、早め早めの行動をとることが大切」と呼びかけている。

ふだん雨が少ない地域ほど、水害や土砂災害に対する住民や自治体の対策が手薄になりがちで、より少ない雨でも惨事につながりやすい。自治体は特別警報が出たことを住民に知らせる義務を負うが、自治体がどれほど防災対策を講じているか、的確な避難指示・勧告を早めに出せるかが問われる。テレビやインターネットだけでない多様な伝達方法の整備や、高齢者や障害のある人など自力で避難する人がどの地域にどれくらいいるのか把握する要援護者名簿の作成が進んでいない自治体もある。特別警報の認知もこれからだ。

■「特別警報」が発表されたら・・・

特別警報が発表されたら「ただちに避難所へ避難するか、すでに外出が危険な場合は家の中の安全な場所にとどまる」とこが大切だ。また、気象予報士の片平敦さんは次のように指摘している

「自分だけは大丈夫なはずだ」「きっとたいしたことないよ」と思い込む「正常性バイアス」、「周りは誰も逃げていないしなぁ」「私もみんなに合わせて、まだ様子見しよう」という「多数派同調バイアス」は、災害発生時に避難の遅れを生じさせる心理学的な要因とも言われています。人間誰しもこうしたバイアス(先入観・思い込み)は持っているそうです。

それを意識的に打破して、自分が率先して周りを巻き込みながら早めの避難をするくらいの気持ちで、災害から身を守るように心がけてください。
(「『経験したことのないような大雨』災害から命を守るために」 2013/7/28)

☆特別警報で、より安全の確保を促すことができるだろうか。「命を守るため」に特別警報を生かすには、どのような取り組みが必要だろうか。みなさまのご意見お聞かせください。

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