「ストーンヘンジの謎」解明につながる発見

目を見張るような巨大な石で構成された遺跡「ストーンヘンジ」をめぐる謎は、何百年ものあいだ、研究者たちを悩ませてきた。とはいえ最近、行進に使われたと思われる道の形跡が見つかったことで、わずかながらも謎を解明できるかもしれない。

目を見張るような巨大な石で構成された遺跡「ストーンヘンジ」をめぐる謎は、何百年ものあいだ、研究者たちを悩ませてきた。とはいえ最近、行進に使われたと思われる道の形跡が見つかったことで、わずかながらも謎を解明できるかもしれない。

ストーンヘンジは、ロンドンの西200キロメートルに位置するソールズベリー近郊にあり、紀元前3000年頃から1520年のあいだにわたって建造されたと考えられている(土塁と堀は紀元前3100年頃、直立巨石は紀元前2500年から紀元前2000年頃に建てられたと考えられている。現在のイギリス人、アングロ・サクソン人がブリテン島に移住した時にはすでに存在していた)。有史以前の古代人がこの巨石の建造物を造った理由については、さまざまな説が飛び交っている。

歴史的建造物を保護するための英国の特殊法人イングリッシュ・ヘリテッジは現在、ストーンヘンジを精力的に調査しているが、調査プロジェクトのひとつがごく最近、これまで隠れていた古代の道の一部を発掘した。研究者によれば、近くの町エイムズベリーを流れるエイヴォン川からストーンヘンジに直接通じる道だという。

イングリッシュ・ヘリテッジのによると、アベニュー(Avenue:大通り)と呼ばれるこの道ができたのは、紀元前2600年から2200年のあいだと考えられている。また、「LiveScience」の報道では、アベニューの一部は時間とともに覆い隠され、やがて国道A344がそこを横切るようにして造られたため、その全体を確かめることはほぼ不可能だったのだという。

その謎を解明すべく、研究者たちはA344の舗装の解体を慎重に進めた。あったはずの土塁は長年のうちに損なわれていたが、道の両側を並行して走っていた溝の跡を発見した。この溝によって、A344によって分断されていたアベニューがやっとつながったのだ(アベニューは、ストーンヘンジからエイヴォン川まで、3kmに渡って平行に走る2本の堀と土塁だが、その全体像はいままで確認されていなかった)。

「ついに見つけました。これこそ、パズルから欠けていたピースです」。イングリッシュ・ヘリテッジの学芸員を務める考古学者ヘザー・セバー氏は、『BBC History Magazine』誌のインタビューに対してそう答えた。

アベニューの使用目的は定かではないが、ストーンヘンジへ向かい、さらにそこから出る、古代の行列祈祷式に使われていたのではないか、と同氏は「LiveScience」に語っている。

「アベニューの建造は紀元前2300年ごろであり、ストーンサークルに後から付け加えられたものです。古代の人々はこの道をストーンヘンジに向かって行進していたのかもしれません」と、セバー氏は『BBC History Magazine』誌にコメントしている。「これは非常に劇的な発見です」

ストーンヘンジの専門家であるシェフィールド大学考古学教授マイク・パーカー・ピアソン氏が『ナショナルジオグラフィック』誌に語ったところによると、ストーンヘンジから外に伸びるアベニューは、夏至、つまり1年で一番長い日に太陽が昇る方角を向いている。そして、逆に振り返ってみたとき、ストーンヘンジに向かうアベニューは、冬至、つまり1年で一番短い日に太陽が沈む方角を向いているという(ストーンヘンジでは、夏至の日に、ヒール・ストーンと呼ばれる高さ6mの玄武岩と、中心にある祭壇石を結ぶ直線上に太陽が昇ることが知られている)。

ストーンヘンジでは1970年代から、夏至にはニューエイジ系の祭典「ストーンヘンジ・フリー・フェスティバル」が行われ、一時は3万人程度も集まるようになった。ただし、撮影時に遺跡を壊すなどのトラブルがあり、現在の開放は制限されている。2013年の祭典では数千人が集まった。

[Meredith Bennett-Smith(English) 日本語版:遠藤康子、合原弘子/ガリレオ]

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