マレーシア:トランスジェンダーの権利で勝訴

今回の違憲判決は、マレーシアにおけるトランスジェンダーの諸権利を強く肯定するものといえる。国の差別的な法律に憲法を適用することで、すべてのマレーシア人が自分のありたい姿でいられると、裁判所が宣言したのだ。
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今回の違憲判決は、マレーシアにおけるトランスジェンダーの諸権利を強く肯定するものといえる。国の差別的な法律に憲法を適用することで、すべてのマレーシア人が自分のありたい姿でいられると、裁判所が宣言したのだ。

ボリス・ディトリッヒ、LGBTの権利プログラムのアドボカシーディレクター

(ニューヨーク)-- マレーシアの高等裁判所で「異性装」禁止に違憲判決が下されたことは、同国のトランスジェンダーの人びとにとって重要な権利上の勝利だ、と本日ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは述べた。

2014年11月7日、プトラジャヤ高等裁判所の裁判官団3人は、州レベルで定められたイスラム法(シャリーア)の「異性装」禁止に対し、「尊厳を損ない、抑圧的で非人道的なもの」との判断を示した。その上で、この禁止が続く限りトランスジェンダーの人びとは、「不安で惨めな屈辱の中で暮らすことになるだろう」とした。

ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチのLGBT(レズビアン、ゲイ、バイセクシャル、トランスジェンダー)の権利プログラムのアドボカシーディレクターであるボリス・ディトリッヒは、「今回の違憲判決は、マレーシアにおけるトランスジェンダーの諸権利を強く肯定するものといえる」と述べる。「国の差別的な法律に憲法を適用することで、すべてのマレーシア人が自分のありたい姿でいられると、裁判所が宣言したのだ。」

この訴訟は、ナゲリ・センビラン州のトランスジェンダー女性3人が起こした。「公的な場所で女性の装いをしている、または女性の振る舞いをしている男性」を禁ずるシャリーア法の条項第66に異議を申し立てたのだ。国家宗教局はこの法律を根拠に、これまでトランスジェンダー女性の逮捕を繰り返し行ってきた。近時では今年6月8日夜に、披露宴に出席していたトランスジェンダー女性16人が一斉逮捕された事件がある。

プトラジャヤ高等裁判所は条項第66号を違憲とし、無効にした。原告が尊厳を持った生活をおくるための諸権利を当該条項が侵害しており、また、原告の移動や表現の自由、法の下の平等にも悪影響を及ぼしていることが、その理由だ。また裁判所は、トランスジェンダーの人びとが「生きるのに最低限必要な活動をしたり、生計を立てること、あるいは社会との交流のために家を出た瞬間に、条項第66号違反という犯罪を犯したことになり、結果逮捕や拘禁、訴追の対象となってしまう。これは尊厳を損ない、抑圧的で非人道的な処遇である。[中略]差別的かつ抑圧的で、法の下の平等を否定するものだ」との判断を示した。

前出のディトリッヒ アドボカシーディレクターは、「マレーシア関係当局は、しばしばトランスジェンダー女性の尊厳を傷つけ、諸権利を侵害している」と述べる。「今回の違憲判決は、国家宗教局ほか政府関係者に、トランスジェンダー女性に対してやりたい放題は許されないのだというメッセージを送るものだ。」

ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは2014年9月に報告書「女でいることが恐ろしい:マレーシアのトランスジェンダーの人びと」を発表。マレーシア政府によるトランンスジェンダー女性への人権侵害を調査・検証した。同国4州と連邦領クアラルンプールにおける調査で、国家宗教局関係者および警察が日常的にトランスジェンダー女性を逮捕し、様々な人権侵害の対象にしていたことが明らかになっている。具体的には暴行や恐喝、プライバシー権の侵害など。宗教局関係者は逮捕の際や拘留中にトランスジェンダー女性を肉体的および性的に暴行し、マスメディアにさらして侮辱していた。

マレーシアのトランスジェンダーの人びとは刑法違反で訴追に直面し、また雇用や医療、教育面で差別を受けている。もちろん「異性装」も差別の理由に含まれる。マレーシア政府は速やかに、トランスジェンダーを差別する法および規制の廃止を模索すべきだ。

マレーシアの人口の約6割(政府統計)を占めるイスラム教徒には、マレーシア連邦刑法に加え、州レベルで定められたイスラム法(シャリーア)が適用される。1980年代以降にはすべての州で、トランスジェンダーの人びとへの差別を制度化するシャリーア刑法の条項が成立した。全13州で、イスラム教徒の男性が「女性のような服装」をすることが禁じられており、3州では「男性のふりをする女性」も犯罪化されている。国家イスラム宗教局が執行する法律には、トランスジェンダーの人びとの服装や様子を定義する規定が存在しない。

前出のディトリッヒ アドボカシーディレクターは、「今回の判決はマレーシア政府に、トランスジェンダーの人びとを差別するすべての法律が違憲である可能性をつきつけた」と指摘する。「しかるに政府は、速やかに差別的な諸法律を廃止し、トランスジェンダーの人たちを保護する必要がある。裁判所をはじめとする関係当局は、これらの人びとがすべてのマレーシア国民と同様の権利を有しているのだと、認める時が来たのだ。」

(2014年11月8日「ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ」より転載)

東京レインボープライド2014
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(01 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(02 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district n April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(03 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(04 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(05 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(06 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(07 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(08 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(09 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(10 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(11 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(12 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(13 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(14 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(15 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(16 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(17 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: The Tokyo Rainbow Pride mascot is seen on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(19 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(20 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(21 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(22 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(23 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(24 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(25 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(26 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Participants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(27 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
2014 Tokyo Rainbow Pride(28 of68)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - APRIL 27: Particpants take part in the Tokyo Rainbow Pride parade and march through the streets of Shibuya district on April 27, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Hundreds of gays, lesbians, transsexuals and heterosexual supporters attended the event to celebrate diversity. (Photo by Keith Tsuji/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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