"空気"への過剰な依存とその利用~安倍首相の戦後70年談話について~

日本が、開戦へと追い込まれていった事情について説明されたことも良かったと思います。しかし、ここで検討したいことが一つあります。
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Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe delivers a statement to mark the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II during a press conference at his official residence in Tokyo Friday, Aug. 14, 2015. Abe has expressed
ASSOCIATED PRESS

安倍首相が戦後70年の節目で談話を発表しました。基本的にとても優れた内容だったと思います。法と国際秩序を尊重する思いが表明されたことは高く評価されるべきです。また、国内外の悲惨な体験をした方々の内面に思いをはせ、その名誉に言及したことは、素晴らしいことでした。

植民地時代の末期に各地域での経済のブロック化が進み、そこから排除された日本が、開戦へと追い込まれていった事情について説明されたことも良かったと思います。

しかし、ここで検討したいことが一つあります。「経済的に追い込まれて仕方なく」行った行動には、「近隣諸国の資源などの富を軍事的に支配することで自分のものとしたい」という物質的な欲望を満たそうとする主体的な支配欲は関わっていなかったでしょうか。

つまり、「周りに追い込まれて仕方なく」行った行動には、自分も実はそれを望んでいたけれど、自分の意志や決断でそれを行う勇気がなく、無理強いされた機会にそれを実行したのではないか、という疑惑が残ります。

ここには、政治的な優位性や経済的な利益に関心のある誰かが、自分の責任を隠ぺいするために全体の空気をそのような方向に誘導しようとすることとの、共犯関係が成立していた場合もあったでしょう。

私は「日本的ナルシシズム」という言葉を用いた批判を頻繁に行っています。「自分を犠牲にして他者のために尽くしている」という思いが強すぎることには、物事の理解が一面的になってしまう弊害があります。その種類の問題が、日本社会では起こりやすいのです。

人間の生には、「他者を犠牲にして自分を生かしている」側面が必ずあります。まず、食物という形で他の命を奪わないでは、私たちは自分の命を保つことができません。同様に、他人の富を奪わないでは、自分たちの豊かさを保つことができません。しかし、この事実に直面することは、大変な精神的苦痛を伴います。

そのような時に、自分のこころを守るために、「空気」を利用することが可能なのです。「自分は悪いことをしたくなかったけど、そういう空気に逆らえなかった」ということならば、集団が行ったことについて自分が責任を負う必要がないと判断できます。しかし、その場合でも、集団が得た利益からの分配を得ることについては、しっかりと期待しているのが普通です。

このように空気を利用することで、自分も、何らかの支配や搾取を行っている集団の構成員である事実を意識から排除することができます。その上さらに、所属集団の秩序をよく守って抑制的に振る舞っている自分の姿を確認して、そこからナルシシスティックな満足をえることも可能です。

日本人は空気に支配されやすいとも言えますが、空気を利用して主体的な責任を自覚することを回避しているとも言えます。自己主張を行わないことには、後から責任を問われるリスクを回避して、安定した経済的な利益を確保しやすいメリットも存在します。

「滅私奉公」という自我理想にこだわることには、自分が持っている貪欲さや支配欲を意識することから生じる不安や罪悪感から、自分のこころを防衛するという意味もあります。

今回の談話の問題点は、その内容が、ここまでの内閣関係者の論調から突然に変化したことです。少し前まで、首相の近くからは法を尊重する意志がないことを示す言動がくり返されていました。しかし、そのことに反発する世論が強まると、一転して反対の内容を強調する談話を発表しています。

首相は、あまりにも空気を読み過ぎではないでしょうか。

そして、そのようなことならば、また空気が変われば「法などまともに相手にしなくてもよい」という態度が出現するかもしれません。

前言撤回を恥と思わない心理的なメカニズムについては、拙論「ナルシシスティック・パーソナリティーはこころの中にたくさんの分裂を抱えている」で論じさせていただきました。

豹変した態度は人を不安にさせます。「本当は、首相は法や戦争責任の問題などどっちだっていいやと考えているのではないか」という疑念が頭をかすめました。

やはり、今回の談話が川内原発の再稼働とほぼ同じタイミングで発表されたことの意味を考えずにはおられません。今回の談話の目的が、「とにかく国民の空気をかわして、原発再稼働の問題等を先に進めること」でないことを、切に願うばかりです。

私は、原子力発電や集団的自衛権などの問題について無条件に反対しようとは思いません。

しかし、それらが準備不足のままに、全体の空気、それも特に関連した権益を持つ人々が作る空気に流されてズルズルと先に進んでしまうことには反対します。

そして、福島の問題が現在のように収束からほど遠い状況で、事故を起こした社会構造上の原因への対処が行われていないままでの川内原発の再稼働は、正当化が難しいと考えています。

今回の談話の内容は、基本的にすばらしいと思いました。

しかし、その談話の提示のされ方において、首相は空気に支配され、同時に空気を利用する傾向があることを疑わせます。今後、首相が、原子力発電や軍需産業の権益と関わる層が作る「空気」から距離を取り、責任のある一貫した態度を保てるのかという点には不安が残りました。

そして、空気に流され過ぎずに、一貫した責任を負える主体性を確立することが求められているのは、首相だけではなく、民主主義の国家に生きる国民一人一人です。

政治の場に現れているのは、国民全体の精神性を反映する鏡像かもしれないのです。

カメラが捉えた戦後日本
Japan railroad industry(01 of29)
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Passengers on a train traveling from Tokyo to Osaka in Japan go through three minutes of calisthenics under leadership of a drill master, during a five-minute stopover at Hammamatsu on August 27, 1952. This unusual service was set up to help travelers on the long journey limber up at the station which is about half way between the two cities. There is even music for the exercises, and a platform for the drill master. The train waiting to resume the trip at the end of the brief stop is a crack express. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan: Health(02 of29)
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Following the teacher on TV, two young women exercise at home in Tokyo, Japan on Nov. 5, 1963. The 15-minute program is one of several on Japanese TV directed especially to housewives who want to exercise for beauty. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Pro-Red May Day riots(03 of29)
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Demonstrators stone Japanese policemen at the height of the pro-Red May Day riots in downtown Tokyo on May 1, 1952. Casualties were numerous on both sides as police used tear gas, guns and clubs to beat back the waves of rioters. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Riot(04 of29)
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Tokyo metropolitan police take in a rioter at Shinjuku station, July 1, 1952 during the disturbances there by Reds who were marking the second anniversary of the start of the Korean War. The rioters used acid bombs and hurled rocks at the police. More than 100 policemen were injured in the clashes. About 30 of the rioters were arrested on the spot. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan People(05 of29)
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Three chorus girls at the Nichigeki music hall dress for a performance in Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 15, 1953. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan: Health(06 of29)
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Following the teacher on TV, two young women exercise at home in Tokyo, Japan on Nov. 5, 1963. The 15-minute program is one of several on Japanese TV directed especially to housewives who want to exercise for beauty. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Industry(07 of29)
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The combination of two comparative novelties to Japanese audience, TV and American wrestling, bring out a tremendous crowd of fans watching the bouts on an outdoor screen in Tokyo, Japan on Feb. 21, 1954. NTV televised the bouts between visiting American wrestlers and Japanese opponents. The crowd that completely filed and jammed the street cheered, booed and applauded as if they were right at the ringside. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Hiroshima City Views(08 of29)
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In the center of Hiroshima stands the skeleton dome (foreground) of the only building preserved from the holocaust on July 7, 1970, which followed the dropping of the atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Behind it extend Peace Memorial Park, containing monuments and museum, and the surrounding modern city which has been built cover the ruins of the old one. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Hiroshima City Views(09 of29)
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Mitsugi Kishida stands in Hiroshima on July 7, 1970 at the same spot from which he photographed a scene of devastation in 1945, after the explosion of the atomic bomb. The Sumitomo Bank, with its high, arched front entrance, has been rebuilt where it stood before the explosion. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Hiroshima City Views(10 of29)
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Now 25 years later, the city is rebuilt and seems no different from any other Japanese City. But, memories and reminders of the blast still linger in Hiroshima, Japan on August 4, 1970. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan People(11 of29)
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Staring with wide-eyed fascination, a Japanese tot appears even tinier alongside the huge fish tank as he gazes at the wonders inside the tank set up outdoors at a busy downtown intersection in Tokyo, Feb. 7, 1976. The display of colorful tropical and many other varieties of fish in an annual exhibit to usher in the summer season. (AP Photo/Max Desfor) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan film industry(12 of29)
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Japanâs movie makers are now filming the last day of Japanâs 72,809-ton battleship Yamato, the biggest fighting ship ever built. The Shin-Toho Motion Picture Company is re-sinking the super-dreadnaught, in a documentary called âBattleship Yamato.â Here, studio men load shells in the guns of a model of the Yamato as they get it ready for the big scene on June 8, 1953. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
WWII Post War Japan(13 of29)
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This girl weights each spindle of cotton before it is packed at the Nisshin Cotton Mill at Hamamatsu, Japan on Feb. 12, 1953. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Geishas 1952(14 of29)
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Students at the school in Osaka learn a fan dance as part of their training as geishas, Nov. 7, 1952. They use typical Japanese painted fans. Japanese geishas have three years of special schooling and two years of apprenticeship before they are on their own. After a period of lowered prestige following World War II, geishas are staging a comeback in Japan. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
WWII Post War Japan(15 of29)
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The islandâs local dressing for young women, whom have not married. They call the young women âAnkoâ. The tubs they carry are used to draw drinking water in Mt. Mihara, Japan on Sept. 16, 1950. There are only few wells on the island and water is most valuable thing, because the island is volcanic rocks. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
WWII Post War Japan(16 of29)
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At their desks in classroom, children eat their lunch, furnished through UNICEP - United Nations International Childrenâs Emergency Fund - in Japan on Jan. 5, 1952. (AP Photo/Yuichi Jackson Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
WWII Post War Japan(17 of29)
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Most of the present 1,000 workers at the Nisshin Cotton Mill at Hamamatsu, Japan, are young girls around 20 years of age. The mill takes pride in the clean dormitories that house 90 percent of the workers who do not care to commute to their homes. These girls read and sew in their quarters on Feb. 12, 1953, as they sit around the âhibachi,â a sand-filled urn in which charcoal is placed to heat the room. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
WWII Japan post war(18 of29)
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A 1949 Chevrolet will be raffled off at an international bazaar to be held September 24, in a drive to collect $500,000 and 30,000,000 Yen for erecting new buildings for the Sacred Heart College at the site of ex-Prince Higashi Kuniâs (the prime minister just after the surrender) palace in Tokyo on Sept. 10, 1949. Tickets are 360 yen or $1 each, and the winner will be able to drive the car home immediately after the drawing. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
World War II Post War Japan(19 of29)
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âAnkoâ looking toward the only desert in Japan from the first crest in Japan on Sept. 16, 1950. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
World War II Post War Japan(20 of29)
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âAnkoâ sings a Islandâs folk-song to the sight-seeing visitors in Japan on Sept. 16, 1950. (AP Photo/Yuichi Ishizaki) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Warships To Visit Pearl Harbor 1958(21 of29)
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Four warships from the Japanese Navy hauled up anchor Jan. 14, 1958, and steamed for Pearl Harbor - the first naval visit since the 1941 air attack. Send-off ceremony was held alongside the flagship destroyer Harukaze before departure in Tokyo. High ranking officials of the Defense Board Agency and families of crewmen and academy graduates attended the ceremony. Kaya (288) and Kusu (281) leaves the pier for Honolulu. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Warships To Visit Pearl Harbor 1958(22 of29)
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Four warships from the Japanese Navy hauled up anchor Jan. 14, 1958, and steamed for Pearl Harbor - the first naval visit since the 1941 air attack. Send-off ceremony was held alongside the flagship destroyer Harukaze before departure in Tokyo. High ranking officials of the Defense Board Agency and families of crewmen and academy graduates attended the ceremony. Kaya (288) and Kusu (281) leaves the pier for Honolulu. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Health(23 of29)
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A group of disabled Japanese children exercise while leaning on braces and crutches in the yard of the Seishi-Royogo-En childrenâs rehabilitation hospital near Tokyo, April 11, 1958. Surgical, traction and exercise equipment contributed by the United Nations Childrenâs Fund (UNICEF) have helped at the hospital. The World Health Organization provided technical guidance for establishment of the center, which can care for up to 200 patients. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Health(24 of29)
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Special harness-like exercise devices are employed by nurse to help strengthen bodies of two polio patients at the Seishi-Royogo-En rehabilitation hospital near Tokyo, Japan, April 11, 1958. Seven-year-old Nobuyuji Kimura, left, is improving his neck muscles and 9-year-old Yoshio Shimuz is learning how to stand. With the help of the United Nations Childrenâs Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, the Japanese government is setting up 47 such hospitals to care for thousands of crippled children in the country. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Rock 'n' Roll(25 of29)
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The ears of the Shinto God of Marriage and of worshipers at the Kanda Myojin Shrine in Tokyo were assailed on Tuesday, May 13, 1958, by the furious caterwauling of Japanâs rockabilly king Keijiro Yamashita. âKei-Chanâ abandoned his usual horde if screaming teenage fans and his extravagant pseudo-Western garb to give a happi-coated, but gyrating, musical offering to the god at the shrineâs annual festival. The shrine staged the noisy break from tradition in an effort to recover its lost glories of the past when its festival was one of the big events of the Tokyo calendar. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Chorus Girls(26 of29)
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Japanese girls of the Schochiku dancing troupe rehearse one of their new numbers in the ânatsu-no-odoriâ summer dance scene which they will perform at the Kokusai Theater in Tokyo on July 11, 1958. They are doing one of the specialties, a line dance. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Hula Hoop in Japan(27 of29)
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A young Japanese woman in a kimono takes part in the Hula-Hoop craze that has swept America and Japan in this Oct. 30, 1958 picture. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Tokyo Buildings(28 of29)
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Japanâs highest manmade structure, and one of the worldâs tallest 1,088 feet into the sky was dedicated. The public named it âTokyo Towerâ it cost three million dollars and looms over Tokyoâs skyline like a giant steel needle. Four thousand tons of steel girders and 30 tons of paint went into the tower. Each leg is supported by eight concrete pillars driven to a depth of 24 yards. A night view of the giant tower as it looms over the city on Tuesday, Dec. 23, 1958. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Firefighters History(29 of29)
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Japanese firemen, wearing the traditional Happi coat, parade in front of the reviewing stand in Tokyoâs Meiji Shrine Outer Gardens, during the annual firemenâs festivities, Jan. 16, 1959. The standard-bearers happily swing their decorated standards during the parade. (AP Photo/Mitsunori Chigita) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)