プーチン大統領のせいで、アレッポの戦闘は再び激化している

シリア政府軍は、アレッポを奪還するために血で血を洗う激闘を仕掛けている。
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Russian President Vladimir Putin (R) shakes hands with his Syrian counterpart Bashar al-Assad (L) during their meeting at the Kremlin in Moscow on October 20, 2015. Syria's embattled President Bashar al-Assad made a surprise visit to Moscow on October 20 for talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin, his first foreign trip since the conflict erupted in 2011. AFP PHOTO / RIA NOVOSTI / KREMLIN POOL / ALEXEY DRUZHININ (Photo credit should read ALEXEY DRUZHININ/AFP/Getty Images)
ALEXEY DRUZHININ via Getty Images
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シリア政府軍との間で、反政府勢力やIS(イスラム国)はアレッポでの戦闘を激化させている

今週は、シリアのバッシャール・アル=アサド大統領のモスクワ訪問にメディアの注目が集まった。しかし話をシリア自体に戻してみると、北部の都市アレッポとその近郊は、大規模な軍事攻撃の標的となっている。ロシアの空爆に援護されて、アサド大統領に忠実な政府軍は、シリア第2の都市アレッポを奪還して政府の支配地域にしようとしている。

シリアの反政府勢力がロシア軍の空爆で苦しめられ、政府軍の士気は上昇している。アサド大統領は10月中旬から再びアレッポに攻撃を仕掛け、シリア軍はアレッポ南部の都市の数カ所奪還した。アレッポへの攻撃が激化するにつれ、ロシアの戦闘機と共にアサド大統領の支持勢力がこの地域に集まり始めている。この数週間のうちに、イランに支援されている民兵組織や、レバノンを拠点とするシーア派武装組織「ヒズボラ」の戦闘員たちが勢力を増している。

中東の軍事専門家は、ニューヨーク・タイムズでそのような見方を否定したが、イランが大規模な地上軍を駐留させているのではないかという報道もある。ワシントン・ポストによると、攻撃に関与している民兵組織関係者の中には、イラン軍のガーセム・ソレイマーニー司令官が指揮していると主張する者もいる。

IS(イスラム国)も、10月初旬にアレッポの北東部に侵攻し、アレッポで領土を得ようとしている。

その結果、この地域は泥沼の紛争地帯となっている。自由シリア軍とアルカイダの下部組織アル=ヌスラ戦線アルカイダ・シリア支部はアレッポ東部を支配しているが、その周辺地域を占領している政府軍がほぼ包囲している。一方ISは、アレッポ東部の包囲された政府空軍基地以外の土地を支配している。10月、その空軍基地でイラン軍の将官が殺害された。

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アメリカの戦争研究所が発表した地図は、アレッポとその周辺地域を占領するさまざまな武装勢力を表示している。

シリア内戦では、アレッポ制圧は全ての武装勢力にとって重要だ。分割されたアレッポは、トルコや他の州への重要な供給路であるばかりなく、シリアの都市活動と経済活動の中心地である。反政府勢力にとって、支配していたアレッポの特定の地域を失うことは、武装勢力がこの都市で自らを存続させるために必要な武器やその他の支援物資を受け取ることのできる重要な供給路が閉ざされることを意味する。

アレッポには、内戦前の痕跡は残っていない。戦争は近隣地域全体を破壊してしまい、多くの地域で、行政サービスと基本的な生活必需品は存在しない。食物は不足し、ゴミは人通りの少ない街路に散乱している。ガーディアンによれば、アレッポ東部の人口は、戦争前100万人だったが、2015年前半の推定ではわずか4万人だ。

シリア政府軍は、アレッポを奪還するために血で血を洗う戦闘を数多く行なってきたが、その度に撃退されてきた

政府の戦闘機は、アレッポの反政府勢力が占領している地域に樽爆弾を定期的に投下している。人権監視団体は、その爆弾が無差別に、市民まで殺害していると述べている。

2015年前半、国連はアレッポ停戦のための調停を試みたが失敗に終わった。7月に反政府勢力は政府軍に攻撃を仕掛け、戦闘が激化した。同月、アサド大統領はシリアの政権掌握力を失ったことを表向きには認めた。これがシリア大統領の統治を強化するという名目でのロシアの介入に拍車を掛けた、と専門家は分析している。

9月下旬にはロシアが空爆を開始し、シリア支援を強化した。それ以来、政府軍はアレッポを含む領土を奪還する軍事作戦を始めた。

イランとロシアに支援された政府軍がアレッポ奪還に乗り出したことで、アレッポ市内は再び戦闘が発生した。ロイターによると、19日、アレッポの反政府組織は政府軍の攻撃に対抗するため、アサド大統領を打倒する新たにTOW反戦車ミサイルを手に入れたと述べた。そのミサイルはアサド政権と戦うための格好の手段だ。

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アレッポは長期化する戦いが起き、すでに空洞化していた都市から、さらに数万人が集団で脱出する結果となった。

この最新の戦闘のために、アレッポ南西部では3万5000人近い人々が自分の家を離れざるをえなかった、と国連関係者が19日報告した。トルコのレジェップ・タイイップ・エルドアン大統領は、アレッポの戦闘が始まって以来、トルコへの避難民が増加しており、すでにシリアに逃げてきたシリア人の数は150万人以上にのぼると述べた。

シリア・アレッポで戦闘激化
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13: Smoke rises after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Daret Ezza in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Mamun Abu Omer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13: A view of the attack site after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Daret Ezza in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Mamun Abu Omer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13: Smoke rises after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Daret Ezza in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Mamun Abu Omer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13: A view of the attack site after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Daret Ezza in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Mamun Abu Omer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13: A view of the attack site after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Daret Ezza in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Mamun Abu Omer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13 : Wreckage of buildings are seen after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Hayan in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Ahmed Hasan Ubeyd/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13 : Wreckage of buildings are seen after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Hayan in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Ahmed Hasan Ubeyd/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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ALEPPO, SYRIA - OCTOBER 13 : Wreckage of buildings are seen after Russian war crafts hit the Syrian opposition controlled town Hayan in Aleppo, Syria on October 13, 2015. (Photo by Ahmed Hasan Ubeyd/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
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