ベルリンの壁を「うっかり発言」で崩壊させたシャボフスキー氏が死去

「うっかり発言」したことが引き金を引いたと言われてきたギュンター・シャボフスキー氏が11月1日、ベルリンの介護施設で死去した。
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1989年11月9日、東西ドイツを隔てていた「ベルリンの壁」が崩壊し、資本主義陣営と社会主義陣営の東西冷戦が終結する契機になった。

この歴史的な出来事は、旧東ドイツ政府の広報担当者が記者会見で「うっかり発言」したことが引き金を引いたと言われてきた。その発言をしたギュンター・シャボフスキー氏が11月1日、ベルリンの介護施設で死去した。イギリスのガーディアン紙などが伝えた。

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1989年11月9日、出国の原則自由化を発表するシャボフスキー氏

第2次世界大戦で敗れたドイツは、アメリカやソ連など4カ国に分割占領され、その後のアメリカとソ連の対立で東西に分断された。ベルリン市内には、東ドイツが政治亡命を防ぐために、東西を隔てる全長160km、高さ約4mの壁(ベルリンの壁)を築き、市民の往来を厳しく制限してきた。

しかし1989年、社会主義陣営だった東ヨーロッパ諸国で民主化の動きが相次いだ。特にハンガリーは一党独裁の放棄など民主化の過程でオーストリア国境を開放したため、東ドイツ国民が大挙してオーストリア、ハンガリーやチェコスロバキアなどを経由して西ドイツに亡命することになった。このため東ドイツ国内でも民主化の動きが強まり、政府は対応を迫られ、政治的な混乱に陥った。

11月9日、一党独裁のドイツ社会主義統一党(共産党)の政治局員だったシャボフスキー氏は、党中央委員会総会2日目についての記者会見の中で、これまで厳しく制限してきた西ドイツへの出国を、希望すれば誰でも条件なしでビザを発給し、直接西ドイツに出国できるよう、大幅に制限を緩和すると発表した。

このとき、いつから発効するのかと聞かれたシャボフスキー氏が「私の知るところでは…直ちに、遅滞なく」と答えたため、ベルリンの壁には西ドイツへの出国を求める東ベルリン市民が殺到。壁は政治的な意味をなさなくなった。

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冷戦の象徴が崩壊したことで東ヨーロッパの民主化は加速。1990年10月には東西ドイツが再統一し、1991年にはソ連崩壊に至った。

この自由化措置は、実は翌日の午前4時に伝えられるはずのものだったが、シャボフスキー氏が混乱していたため「うっかり発言」したと後に報じられた。

一方でこの発言をしたイタリア・ANSA通信のリッカルド・エールマン氏は2009年、質問が東ドイツ指導部の依頼にもとづく「やらせ」だったと証言して話題になった。

エールマン氏は独公共放送などのインタビューに対し、会見1時間前に知人の東独・社会主義統一党の中央委員から「必ず旅券法改正の質問をするように」と電話で依頼されたと証言。同氏はこの中央委員の名前は挙げなかったが、一部メディアは「東独通信社の総裁」と報じている。一方、シャボフスキー氏は「質問は唐突だった」と東独政府による事前依頼を否定している。

(朝日新聞2009年4月22日付朝刊より)

ベルリンの壁崩壊25年記念イベント
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