ボコ・ハラムは「イスラム国」より多くの人々を殺害している

ナイジェリアの恐るべきテログループの存在を忘れるな。
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11月13日にパリで起きた同時多発テロでは、世界最悪のテログループが、普段と変わらない生活を送っていた人々に対して並外れた大量虐殺を仕掛けた。

この事件の報道で霞んでしまったが、ナイジェリアでも大量虐殺が行われていた。

11月17日の夕方、ナイジェリア北部のヨラで、夕食の買い物客でいっぱいの青果店を自爆テロ犯が襲い、少なくとも34人が死亡した。「私の店の近くは、地面が見えないほど死体でいっぱいになっていました」と、アルハジ・アハメドはロイターに話した

18日、午後の祈りを捧げる人々が集まっていたカノ近郊の混雑した携帯市場で、爆薬を体につけた2人の女性が自爆したAP通信によれば、2回の爆発で少なくとも15人が死亡した。

2件の爆発事件はともに、ナイジェリアのイスラム過激派グループ、ボコ・ハラムによるものだと言われている。ボコ・ハラムは具体的な攻撃についての犯行声明をめったに出さないが、この地域では6年にわたり残虐な暴動を続けている。

2015年11月に発表された新しい調査によれば、ボコ・ハラムが過激派組織「イスラム国」(IS)を追い抜き、「世界で史上最悪のテログループ」になった。

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最近数週間のナイジェリアでの連続自爆テロには、過激派グループによる犯行の特徴があった。

国際テロリズムインデックスによると、ボコ・ハラムは2014年、世界のテロリストグループの中で最も多い6644人を殺害した。ISは6073人で続いた。

ボコ・ハラムは3月、ISに忠誠を誓ったが、グループ間に協力の広がりがあるかどうかは、現段階では明らかになっていない。この2つの組織を合わせると、2014年に世界でテロに関係した全死亡者数の51%を占めた。

国際テロリズムインデックスはニューヨークを拠点とする経済平和研究所により毎年発行されるレポートで、世界中のテロによる死者を記録している。ここではテロとは、「非国家主体による意図的な暴力行為または暴力による脅威」と定義づけている。テロ攻撃による死と、戦いによる死を分けており、ISに殺された人々の多くが戦闘の中で死んだという。その数は2014年は少なくとも2万人にのぼる。

ボコ・ハラムの暴力行為による死者数の合計も、テロによる死者数よりも多いとされる。アメリカを拠点とする外交問題評議会が編集し、高い信頼を得ているナイジェリアセキュリティートラッカーは、2014年に6000人を超える人々がボコ・ハラムとナイジェリア軍の衝突の中で死んだことを明らかにした。

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ナイジェリア軍は、昨年国内で支配地域を拡大したボコ・ハラムに対し、対応を強めることを表明している。

ボコ・ハラムは2002年ごろからナイジェリアの北東部に出現し、イスラム過激派のやり方を採用したり、(石油で潤う国にもかかわらず)この地域に存在していた差別や貧困を利用するなどして勢力を伸ばした。ナイジェリア政府との衝突が続いた後、2009年に暴動を開始。数千の死者を生み、ナイジェリアの北東部を複数地域にわたってめちゃくちゃにした。

2014年に入るとボコ・ハラムは攻勢を強め、北東部の町や村を占領したり、数百人の人質を取ったりした。チボクにある寄宿学校を襲い、約300人の女子学生を捕らえた2014年4月の事件は、世界規模の非難の対象となった。

この年のある時点では、ボコ・ハラムが支配した領域はベルギーほどの大きさになっていた。情け容赦ない連続自爆テロは、国中の人々を怯えさせ続けているが、その自爆テロの多くが女性や幼い少女によるものだ。彼女たちは、脅されてテロに利用されているとみられる。

2013〜2014年までの間、ナイジェリアにおけるテロに関係する死者の数が劇的に伸び、300パーセント増を記録した。国際テロリズムインデックスはこの伸びを「それまでにどの国も記録したことがないような最も大きなテロによる死者数の増加」とした。

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2015年10月3日土曜日、ナイジェリアのアブジャにて。爆弾の爆発で負傷した男性が救助されている。死者数は多くの場合、ナイジェリアの北東部などの首都から離れた場所においては確かめることが難しい。

しかし、都市から離れた周縁部であるナイジェリア北東からのニュースが伝えることは、わずかしかない。ほとんどの記者や役人が足を踏み入れることすら恐れている場所で、コミュニケーション・インフラもほとんどないか、意図的に壊されている。ボコ・ハラムの攻撃に関する情報は、たいてい詳細に乏しく、死傷者数は大きくずれがある。

「この危機による被害者数――住む土地を奪われた人々や苦境にある女性も含んでいます――は、実際より少なく報告されていると思われます」と、2015年前半、国際危機グループのナイジェリア担当シニアアナリストのナムディ・オバシは、ハフポストUS版に話した。オバシ氏によると、ナイジェリア北東部の暮らしは「地獄のようなもの」だという。

ナイジェリア中央政府が住民の苦境を無視していることを、多くの人々が非難している。しかしナイジェリア軍と政府を支持する民兵もまた、2011年からの7000人を越える軍事勾留下での死者を含む市民の大量虐殺について、人権派グループに訴えられている。

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今年の5月に政権を取ったムハンマドゥ・ブハリ大統領

ムハンマドゥ・ブハリ大統領は、汚職にまみれた悪名高き政府の正常化と、軍事力によるボコ・ハラムの破壊を表明し、今年初めに大統領選で選ばれた。ブハリの汚職取り締まり政策の評価は賛否両論だが、少なくとも彼は軍の上層部を一掃し、幹部を訴追した。その中には、ボコ・ハラムに対する軍事予算の中から約20億ドルを横領した人もいた

ナイジェリアは近隣国であるチャドやカメルーン、ニジェールとの連携を進めている。これらの国は、ボコ・ハラムが姿を隠して市民を攻撃している場所で、またアメリカが対ボコ・ハラム作戦のために軍事支援を広げている地域でもある。過激派が占領したほとんどの地域を、自国軍が2014年に奪還して多くの人質を解放したと、ナイジェリア政府は訴えた。

ボコ・ハラムはナイジェリアにおける本拠地を失い、戦略を変えてきていると専門家は指摘する。目標をナイジェリアの近隣国に変更。ナイジェリアでの活動は、領土獲得から、例えばヨラやカノの市場のような市民が大勢のいる地域を自爆や爆弾で攻撃することに変わった。

11月の3週目、ナイジェリアで死傷者が増加したことで、人々は自分の怒りや悲しみを表現するためにソーシャルメディアを使った。ナイジェリアの国旗をプロフィール写真に加えたり、#PrayForNigeria(ナイジェリアのために祈りますの意)というハッシュタグが利用されたりした。これは、同じ週、悲しみに暮れた人々がパリやベルギーのためにしたことと同じだった。

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約300人の女子学生がボコ・ハラムによって2014年に攫われ、世界は怒りの反応を示した。そして、#BringBackOurGirls(私たちの少女を返して)というハッシュタグを中心に世界は一つになった。

この記事はハフポストUS版に掲載されたものを翻訳しました。

ボコ・ハラム
「ボコ・ハラム」指導者 (01 of60)
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ナイジェリアのイスラム過激派「ボコ・ハラム」の指導者アブバカル・シェカウ容疑者とされる人物[AFP通信が入手した3月24日の映像より] \n\nAFP PHOTO / BOKO HARAM (credit:AFP=時事)
イスラム過激派指導者 (02 of60)
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AFP通信が4月19日に入手したビデオ映像で、ナイジェリアの首都郊外で起きた爆弾テロの犯行を認めるイスラム過激派「ボコ・ハラム」指導者のアブバカル・シェカウ容疑者\n\nAFP PHOTO / BOKO HARAM (credit:AFP=時事)
ボコ・ハラムの指導者 (03 of60)
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5月5日、AFP通信が入手したイスラム過激派「ボコ・ハラム」の指導者アブバカル・シェカウ容疑者のビデオ映像(ナイジェリア)\n\nAFP PHOTO / BOKO HARAM (credit:AFP=時事)
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イスラム過激派「ボコ・ハラム」とみられる武装集団が襲撃したナイジェリア北東部マイドゥグリ(ナイジェリア・マイドゥグリ) (credit:EPA=時事)
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イスラム過激派「ボコ・ハラム」に襲われたナイジェリア北東部の町バマ(ナイジェリア・バマ) (credit:AFP=時事)
ナイジェリア/女子生徒誘拐で抗議デモ (06 of60)
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6日、ナイジェリアの首都アブジャで、イスラム過激派「ボコ・ハラム」に誘拐された女子生徒の救出の遅れに対し、政府への抗議デモを繰り広げる人々。 (credit:EPA=時事)
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The bodies of two brothers reportedly shot by Boko Haram pictured in their house in Ngomari, opposite the Air Force base in Maiduguri on December 2, 2013. Boko Haram militants launched a daring raid on the military in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri overnight, prompting a 24-hour curfew that shut airspace and cut off roads, the army, state government and eyewitnesses said. Local residents said that hundreds of heavily armed Islamist gunmen besieged an air force and army base, destroying aircraft, razing buildings and setting shops and petrol stations ablaze in a deadly rampage. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
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A woman sits in front of the remains of her house in the village of Kawuri, some 37 kilometres (23 miles) from Maiduguri, the capital of Borno state in northeast Nigeria, on January 28, 2014. More than 70 people were killed in two separate attacks in northeast Nigeria, police and state authorities said on January 27, with suspicions falling on the banned Islamist militant group Boko Haram. The attacks on January 26 -- one on a busy market in Borno state, killing 45, and the other in neighbouring Adamawa, which left at least 26 dead -- came just a week after a change of the guard at the top of Nigeria\'s military. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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People stand next to dead bodies, which are laid out for burial, in the village of Konduga, in northeastern Nigeria, on February 12, 2014 after a gruesome attack by Boko Haram Islamists killed 39 people. \'Up to 39 people have been killed and over 70 percent of the village has been razed to the ground,\' Borno state Governor Kashim Shettima told reporters in the village of Konduga, blaming the February 11, 2014 late attack on the Islamist rebels.\nAFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
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Police officers stand guard in front of the burnt-out remains of homes and businesses in the village of Konduga, in northeastern Nigeria, on February 12, 2014 after a gruesome attack by Boko Haram Islamists killed 39 people. \'Up to 39 people have been killed and over 70 percent of the village has been razed to the ground,\' Borno state Governor Kashim Shettima told reporters in the village of Konduga, blaming the February 11, 2014 late attack on the Islamist rebels.\nAFP PHOTO/STRINGER\n\n (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
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A woman (L) walks past burnt houses after an attack by scores of Boko Haram Islamists on February 20, 2014 in the northeast Nigerian town of Bama. The attack has killed 60 people and caused massive destruction to public buildings. Residents said gunmen stormed the town at roughly 4:00 am (0300 GMT) the day before, armed with heavy weapons and tossed explosives into various buildings, forcing residents to flee into the surrounding bush. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read -/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:- via Getty Images)
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People look at the damages on March 2, 2014, after two explosions rocked killing at leat 35 people in a crowded neighbourhood of Nigeria\'s restless northeastern city of Maiduguri, a stronghold of Boko Haram Islamists, police said Sunday.\n AFP PHOTO JOSHUA OMIRIN (Photo credit should read JOSHUA OMIRIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
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People look at the damages on March 2, 2014, after two explosions rocked in a crowded neighbourhood of Nigeria\'s restless northeastern city of Maiduguri, a stronghold of Boko Haram Islamists, police said Sunday.\n AFP PHOTO JOSHUA OMIRIN (Photo credit should read JOSHUA OMIRIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
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The wreckqge of a car remains at the scene of two explosions on March 2, 2014, a day after two explosions rocked killing at leat 35 people in a crowded neighbourhood of Nigeria\'s restless northeastern city of Maiduguri, a stronghold of Boko Haram Islamists, police said Sunday. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
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BEST AVAILABLE QUALITY \nRed Cross officials search on March 2, 2014 for the bodies of the victims and the wounded at the scene where two explosions rocked a crowded neigbourhood in Maiduguri\'s Gomaris district on the evening of March 1. At least 35 people were killed following two explosions in a crowded neighbourhood of Nigeria\'s restless northeastern city of Maiduguri, a stronghold of Boko Haram Islamists, police said March 2. \'We are still counting. So far we have counted 35 bodies. Our men are still working with rescue workers at the scene,\' Borno state police commissioner Lawal Tanko said. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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TO GO WITH STORY BY REINNIER KAZE\nThis picture taken on March 30, 2014 shows the abandoned border post of the souther Nigerian city of Kerawa. The post was abandoned by Nigerian soldiers after several islamist attacks. After their departure, rebels from the Boko Haram sect occupied the buildings for a while before taking refuge in the Mandara mounts. The city dubbed \'Kerawa Nigeria \' is separated from \'Kerawa Cameroon\' by a river. Confronted with a violent insurrection, Nigerian troops launched a major crackdown in May 2013 against Boko Haram, which wants to create a separate hardline Islamic state in northern Nigeria. The conflict has claimed thousands of lives since the uprising began in 2009 and forced hundreds of thousands of people to flee in fear either to other Nigerian states or neighbouring countries. AFP PHOTO / REINNIER KAZE (Photo credit should read Reinnier KAZE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
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Vigilantes dubbed \'Civilian JTF\' interrogate a suspected Boko Haram informant in Jajeri neighbourhood of the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri on May 24, 2014. The Nigerian city of Maiduguri may be calmer than this time last year but locals in Boko Haram\'s spiritual home still feel under siege, afraid to venture beyond the city limits because of the high risk of attack. Civilian vigilante groups chased the militants out last June after a wave of almost daily bombings, shootings and a scorched earth military response that saw civilians pay a heavy price. AFP PHOTO / AMINU ABUBAKAR (Photo credit should read AMINU ABUBAKAR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AMINU ABUBAKAR via Getty Images)
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A picture taken on April 3, 2014 in Maine-Soroa, eastern Niger, shows Nigerian people gathered at a camp for refugees who fled the fighting between the Nigerian army and the Islamist rebels of Boko Haram. AFP PHOTO /BOUREIMA HAMA (Photo credit should read BOUREIMA HAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BOUREIMA HAMA via Getty Images)
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A picture taken on April 3, 2014 in Maine-Soroa, eastern Niger, shows Nigerian people gathered at a camp for refugees who fled the fighting between the Nigerian army and the Islamist rebels of Boko Haram. AFP PHOTO / BOUREIMA HAMA (Photo credit should read BOUREIMA HAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BOUREIMA HAMA via Getty Images)
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Policemen investigate at the site of an attack at Nyanya bus station in Abuja on April 14, 2014. Twin blasts at a bus station packed with morning commuters on the outskirts of Nigeria\'s capital killed dozens of people on April 14, in what appeared to be the latest attack by Boko Haram Islamists. The explosions rocked the Nyanya station roughly five kilometres (three miles) south of Abuja at 6:45 am (0545 GMT) and destroyed some 30 vehicles, mostly large passenger buses, officials and an AFP reporter said. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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Former Nigerian Education Minister and Vice-President of the World Bank\'s Africa division (3r L) Obiageli leads a march of Nigeria women and mothers of the kidnapped girls of Chibok, calling for their freedom in Abuja on April 30, 2014. Nigerian protesters marched on parliament today to demand the government and military do more to rescue scores of schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamists more than two weeks ago. Dubbed \'a million woman march\' and promoted on Twitter under #BringBackOurGirls, the protest was not expected to draw a massive crowd and turn-out was hindered by heavy rain in the capital Abuja. But several hundred women and men, mostly dressed in red, marched through the rain towards the National Assembly carrying placards that read \'Find Our Daughters.\'\n\n\nAFP PHOTO / PHILIP OJISUA (Photo credit should read PHILIP OJISUA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PHILIP OJISUA via Getty Images)
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Nigeria women and mothers of the kidnapped girls of Chibok stage a sit-in after a march calling for their freedom in Abuja on April 30, 2014. Nigerian protesters marched on parliament today to demand the government and military do more to rescue scores of schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamists more than two weeks ago. Dubbed \'a million woman march\' and promoted on Twitter under #BringBackOurGirls, the protest was not expected to draw a massive crowd and turn-out was hindered by heavy rain in the capital Abuja. But several hundred women and men, mostly dressed in red, marched through the rain towards the National Assembly carrying placards that read \'Find Our Daughters.\' AFP PHOTO / PHILIP OJISUA (Photo credit should read PHILIP OJISUA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PHILIP OJISUA via Getty Images)
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A burnt car is seen at the scene of a blast at the Nyanya bus station in Abuja late on May 1, 2014. A car bombing at a bus station on the outskirts of Nigeria\'s capital killed at least 16 people, just weeks after a deadly attack hit the same spot. No group has claimed responsibility for the latest attack, but suspicion immediately fell on Boko Haram, the extremist Islamist group which has killed thousands in a five-year insurgency. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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Nigerian security personnel remove the wreckage of a vehicle from the site of a blast at the Nyanya bus station in the outskirts of in Abuja on May 2, 2014. At least 19 people were killed and several others injured following a bomb blast that rocked Nyanya bus station on May 1, just weeks after a deadly attack hit the same spot. No group has claimed responsibility for the latest attack, but suspicion immediately fell on Boko Haram, the extremist Islamist group which has killed thousands in a five-year insurgency. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
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A woman carries placard to press for the release of missing Chibok school girls during a rally by civil society in Lagos on May 5, 2014. Boko Haram on Monday claimed the abduction of hundreds of schoolgirls in northern Nigeria that has triggered international outrage, threatening to sell them as \'slaves\'. \'I abducted your girls,\' the Islamist group\'s leader Abubakar Shekau said in the 57-minute video obtained by AFP, referring to the 276 students kidnapped from their boarding school in Chibok, Borno state, three weeks ago. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
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A woman in purdah holds a sign as she takes part in a rally called by members of Lagos\' based civil society groups, for the release of the kidnapped Chibok school girls, outside the state government house in Lagos, Nigeria, on May 5, 2014. Boko Haram on May 5 claimed the abduction of hundreds of schoolgirls in northern Nigeria that has triggered international outrage, threatening to sell them as \'slaves\'. \'I abducted your girls,\' the Islamist group\'s leader Abubakar Shekau said in the 57-minute video obtained by AFP, referring to the 276 students kidnapped from their boarding school in Chibok, Borno state, three weeks ago. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
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Members of civil society groups hold banners and shout slogans as they protest the abduction of Chibok school girls during a rally pressing for the girls\' release in Abuja on May 6, 2014, ahead of World Economic Forum. Members of civil society groups marched through the streets of Abuja and to the Nigerian defence headquarters to meet with military chiefs, to press for the release of more than 200 Chibok school girls abducted three weeks ago. Suspected Boko Haram Islamists have kidnapped eight more girls from Nigeria\'s embattled northeast, residents said on May 6, after the extremist group\'s leader claimed responsibility for abducting more than 200 schoolgirls last month and said in a video he was holding them as \'slaves\' and threatened to \'sell them in the market\'. AFP PHOTO/PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
Bring Our Girls Back Protest at the Nigerian Embassy in Washington, DC(28 of60)
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WASHINGTON, DC - MAY 6: \nDemonstrators gather in front of DC\'s Nigeria Embassy on Tuesday, May 6, 2014, in Washington, DC. The demonstrators are pushing the Nigerian government to find and free 276 girls who were kidnapped on April 14 from their dormitories at the Government Girls Secondary School in Chibok, Nigeria. All reports allege that the kidnappings are the handiwork of Boko Haram, who oppose the education of girls. There have been protests at embassies around the world, fueld by social media outrage.\n (Photo by Jahi Chikwendiu/The Washington Post via Getty Images) (credit:The Washington Post via Getty Images)
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Women sit as they gather on May 8, 2014 during a meeting called by Congafen (the Coordination of the NGOs and Nigerien women associations) at the Youth house in Niamey, western Niger, to ask the United Nations (UN) to pursue in justice Boko Haram Islamists who are responsible for the abduction of more than 200 schoolgirls. Nigeria\'s president said today that Boko Haram\'s mass abduction of the schoolgirls in Nigeria would mark a turning point in the battle against the Islamists, as world powers joined the search to rescue the hostages. A few days before Boko Haram chief Abubakar Shekau claimed responsibility in a video, saying his extreme Islamist group was holding the schoolgirls as \'slaves\' and threatening to \'sell them in the market\'. AFP PHOTO / BOUREIMA HAMA (Photo credit should read BOUREIMA HAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BOUREIMA HAMA via Getty Images)
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Women sit as they gather on May 8, 2014 during a meeting called by Congafen (the Coordination of the NGOs and Nigerien women associations) at the Youth house in Niamey, western Niger, to ask the United Nations (UN) to pursue in justice Boko Haram Islamists who are responsible for the abduction of more than 200 schoolgirls. Nigeria\'s president said today that Boko Haram\'s mass abduction of the schoolgirls in Nigeria would mark a turning point in the battle against the Islamists, as world powers joined the search to rescue the hostages. A few days before Boko Haram chief Abubakar Shekau claimed responsibility in a video, saying his extreme Islamist group was holding the schoolgirls as \'slaves\' and threatening to \'sell them in the market\'. AFP PHOTO / BOUREIMA HAMA (Photo credit should read BOUREIMA HAMA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:BOUREIMA HAMA via Getty Images)
Protest against kidnapped Nigerian girls in Johannesburg(31 of60)
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JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA - MAY 8: Hundreds of people gather outside the Nigerian Consulate in Rivonia, Johannesburg, on May 8, 2014 during a protest against the Nigerian government\'s inability to help the more than 200 school girls who were kidnapped by extremist militants Boko Haram in the Northern Nigerian town of Chibok on the 14 April 2014. The protesters called for the safe return of the girls and for the Nigerian government to play a more active role in helping to return the girls to their families. Boko Haram militants abducted an estimated 276 schoolgirls from the Chibok Government Girls Secondary School in Borno State 24 days ago. (Photo by Ihsaan Haffejee/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Bring Back Our Girls Protest in South Africa(32 of60)
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CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - MAY 8: (SOUTH AFRICA OUT) South African\'s protest in support of the 276 schoolgirls who were abducted in Nigeria on May 8, 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa. The protest was part of the \'Bring back our girls\' global campaign. The girls were abducted from a boarding school in Chibok, Nigeria by Islamist terrorist group, Boko Haram on April 14, 2014. (Photo by Dino Lyod/Gallo Images/Getty Images) (credit:Gallo Images via Getty Images)
London Protest Against The Kidnapping Of More Than 200 Nigerian Girls(33 of60)
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LONDON, ENGLAND - MAY 09: Protesters calling for the release of a group of abducted Nigerian schoolgirls gather outside Nigeria House on May 9, 2014 in London, England. 276 schoolgirls were abducted from their boarding school on 14 April, 2014 in the town of Chibok in north-eastern Borno state in Nigeria. The abductions have sparked protests around the world calling for the release of the girls who are being held by the militant group Boko Haram. (Photo by Dan Kitwood/Getty Images) (credit:Dan Kitwood via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(34 of60)
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Former French first lady Carla Bruni (C) and French navigator Maud Fontenoy (Rear-R) take part to a demonstration for the release of the Nigerian schoolgirls held hostage by the Islamists in Nigeria, on May 13, 2014 on the Trocadero plaza in Paris. Conditions set out by Boko Haram\'s leader for the release of the Nigerian schoolgirls held hostage by the Islamists may lead to a deal that sees the girls freed, analysts said Monday. AFP PHOTO / FRED DUFOUR (Photo credit should read FRED DUFOUR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:FRED DUFOUR via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-BRITAIN(35 of60)
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Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan (R) speaks with British High Commissioner to Nigeria, Andrew Pocock (L), during a meeting at the presidential villa in Abuja on May 14, 2014. Britain has offered Nigeria a surveillance plane and a military team to help with the search for more than 200 missing schoolgirls abducted a month ago by Boko Haram militants, the British Prime Minister said today. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(36 of60)
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Activists from a coalition of more than 40 African women organisations march on May 15, 2014 in the streets of Kenya\'s capital Nairobi demanding the release of more than 200 schoolgirls abducted from schools in nothern Nigeria by muslim extremist group Boko-haram. The Islamist group, whose name roughly translates from the Hausa language spoken widely in northern Nigeria as \'Western education is forbidden\' claimed responsibility for kidnapping more than 200 schoolgirls, threatening to sell them like slaves and force them into marriage unless Nigeria freed militants held in the country\'s jails. Nigeria\'s President has ruled out today the release of Boko Haram fighters in exchange for the freedom of the schoolgirls kidnapped by the militants a month ago. AFP PHOTO/ TONY KARUMBA (Photo credit should read TONY KARUMBA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:TONY KARUMBA via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-AFRICA-SECURITY-SUMMIT-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(37 of60)
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Nigeria\'s president Goodluck Jonathan (L) and French President Francois Hollande shake hands after a family picture during an African security summit to discuss the threat of Nigerian Islamist militant group Boko Haram to the regional stability, at the Elysee Palace in Paris on May 17, 2014. West African leaders met with French President Francois Hollande to bolster cooperation with Nigeria in its battle against Boko Haram Islamists after the abduction of 200 schoolgirls shocked the world. AFP PHOTO / ALAIN JOCARD (Photo credit should read ALAIN JOCARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ALAIN JOCARD via Getty Images)
FRANCE-POLITICS-NIGERIA-SUMMIT(38 of60)
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Nigeria\'s president Goodluck Jonathan (L) and French president Francois Hollande give a press conference following a summit on the threat from Islamist sect Boko Haram at the Elysee palace, on May 17, 2014 in Paris. AFP PHOTO/ ALAIN JOCARD (Photo credit should read ALAIN JOCARD/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ALAIN JOCARD via Getty Images)
ICOAST-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(39 of60)
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A woman holds a sign to call for the release of more than 200 schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram militants on May 19, 2014 during a sit-in organised by Human Rights organisations in Abidjan. The \'#bringbackourgirls\' slogan has become a huge global phenomenon following the abductions, albeit controversial, as world and opinion leaders get involved under its banner on social media to aggitate for the release of the girl-students by the islamist militants who continued their rampage by razing two schools in Bauchi state, northern Nigeria, where Boko Haram gunmen previously attacked a girls\' school. AFP PHOTO/ SIA KAMBOU (Photo credit should read SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:SIA KAMBOU via Getty Images)
Nigerians rally for missing schoolgirls(40 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - MAY 22: A group of people demand release of Nigerian school girls who were kidnapped by extremist militants Boko Haram in capital Abuja, Nigeria on May 22, 2014. The protesters called for the safe return of the girls and for the Nigerian government to play a more active role in helping to return the girls to their families. (Photo by Nacer Talel/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Nigerians rally for missing schoolgirls(41 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - MAY 22: A group of people demand release of Nigerian school girls who were kidnapped by extremist militants Boko Haram in capital Abuja, Nigeria on May 22, 2014. The protesters called for the safe return of the girls and for the Nigerian government to play a more active role in helping to return the girls to their families. (Photo by Nacer Talel/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-RELIGION-ISLAM-CHRISTIANITY(42 of60)
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TO GO WITH AFP STORY BY BEN SIMON\nA view of a road and shops at the Terminus market near the site of the May 20, 2014 twin car bombings carried out by Islamist Boko Haram insurgents, in Jos, central Nigeria, on June 4, 2014. Jos, the capital of Plateau state, is the key city in Nigeria\'s Middle Belt, which splits the predominately Muslim north from the mostly Christian south. Discrimination exists across Nigeria between Muslims and Christians in their respective areas of influence, and Jos has beared witness to sporadic bursts of sectarian killings since 2001, including major unrest in 2008 and 2010, after Nigeria\'s federal government appointed a Hausa-speaking Muslim to an influential post. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-RELIGION-ISLAM-CHRISTIANITY(43 of60)
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TO GO WITH AFP STORY BY BEN SIMON\nSecurity guards and officers inspect the site of the May 20,2014 twin car bombings carried out by Islamist Boko Haram insurgents near the Terminus market in Jos, central Nigeria, on June 4, 2014. Jos, the capital of Plateau state, is the key city in Nigeria\'s Middle Belt, which splits the predominately Muslim north from the mostly Christian south. Discrimination exists across Nigeria between Muslims and Christians in their respective areas of influence, and Jos has beared witness to sporadic bursts of sectarian killings since 2001, including major unrest in 2008 and 2010, after Nigeria\'s federal government appointed a Hausa-speaking Muslim to an influential post. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STR via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-BLAST(44 of60)
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People gather to look at a burnt car following a bomb explosion that rocked the busiest roundabout near the crowded Monday Market in Maiduguri, Borno State, on July 1, 2014. A truck exploded in a huge fireball killing at least 15 people on July 1 in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri, the latest attack in a city repeatedly hit by Boko Haram Islamists. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-BLAST(45 of60)
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Rescue workers work to put out a fire following a bomb explosion that rocked the busiest roundabout near the crowded Monday Market in Maiduguri, Borno State, on July 1, 2014. A truck exploded in a huge fireball killing at least 15 people on July 1 in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri, the latest attack in a city repeatedly hit by Boko Haram Islamists. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-BLAST(46 of60)
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People gather to look at a burnt vehicles at the site of a bomb explosion that rocked the busiest roundabout near the crowded Monday Market in Maiduguri, Borno State, on July 1, 2014. A truck exploded in a huge fireball killing at least 15 people on July 1 in the northeast Nigerian city of Maiduguri, the latest attack in a city repeatedly hit by Boko Haram Islamists. AFP PHOTO/STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:STRINGER via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(47 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai gives a press conference on July 14, 2014 after meeting with the Nigerian president in Abuja. Malala on July 14 urged Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(48 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai (2nd R) shakes hands on July 14, 2014 with Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan (R) next to her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai (2nd L), and Malala Fund committee member Shiza Shahid (L) at the State House in Abuja. Malala on July 14 urged Jonathan to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL\n (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(49 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai (C) speaks with Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (L) as Foreign Minister Viola Onwuliri (R) stands by on July 14, 2014 at the State House in Abuja. Malala on July 14 met with Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan and urged him to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-PAKISTAN-UNREST-KIDNAPPING-MALALA(50 of60)
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Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai (2nd R) listens to Malala Fund committee member Shiza Shahid (2nd L) as she arrives on July 14, 2014 at the State House in Abuja to meet the Nigerian president. Malala on July 14 urged President Goodluck Jonathan to meet with parents of the schoolgirls kidnapped three months ago by Boko Haram. Malala, who survived a Taliban assassination attempt in 2012 and has become a champion for access to schooling, was in Abuja on her 17th birthday to mark the somber anniversary of Boko Haram\'s April 14 abduction of 276 girls from a secondary school in the northeast Nigerian city of Chibok. AFP PHOTO / WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai in Nigeria(51 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - JULY 13: Pakistani campaigner for education right Malala Yousafzai (R) meets with the families of the Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Boko Haram militants in Abuja, Nigeria on July 13, 2014. Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani schoolgirl shot in the head by the Taliban in October 2012 for campaigning for better rights for girls. (Photo by stringer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(52 of60)
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Some of the Chibok schoolgirls who escaped their Boko Haram Islamist captors wait to meet the Nigerian president at the presidency in Abuja on July 22, 2014. A delegation of more than 150 people from Chibok, including some of the 57 girls who escaped their Islamist captors, parents of the hostages as well as Chibok community leaders met President Goodluck Jonathan and other top officials of the government for the first time since the girls were seized. AFP PHOTO/WOLE EMMANUEL (Photo credit should read WOLE EMMANUEL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:WOLE EMMANUEL via Getty Images)
Nigerian president meets abducted schoolgirls' parents(53 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - JULY 22: Nigerian president Goodluck Jonathan (not seen) has met some of the parents of Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Boko Haram militants in the country\'s northeastern region, a full 99 days after the mass abduction, and 51 of the 57 classmates who managed to escape from their captors, in Abuja, Nigeria on July 22, 2014. (Photo by Macjohn Akande/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-RELIGION-ISLAM-EID(54 of60)
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Nigerian Muslims pray on July 28, 2014 at the National Stadium parking lot in Lagos, during celebrations of Eid al-Fitr which marks the end of the fasting holy month of Ramadan. A female suicide bomber killed several people in northern Nigeria\'s Kano city on July 28, witnesses said, after weekend violence blamed on Boko Haram forced authorities to cancel festivities marking a major Muslim holiday. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
NIGERIA-RELIGION-ISLAM-EID(55 of60)
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A young Muslim holding her prayer rug arrives on July 28, 2014 at the National Stadium\'s parking lot, in Surulere, Lagos, during celebrations of Eid al-Fitr which marks the end of the fasting month of Ramadan. A female suicide bomber killed several people in northern Nigeria\'s Kano city today, witnesses said, after weekend violence blamed on Boko Haram forced authorities to cancel festivities marking a major Muslim holiday. Muslims around the world are celebrating Eid al-Fitr this week, marking the end of the holy month of Ramadan during which followers are required to abstain from food, drink and sex from dawn to dusk. AFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI (Photo credit should read PIUS UTOMI EKPEI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIUS UTOMI EKPEI via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(56 of60)
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Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo (L) and former French first lady Valerie Trierweiler take part to the inauguration of the temporary exhibition \'Bring Back Our Girls\' as part of the worldwide Bring Back Our Girls campaign, on Place de la Republique in Paris on July 28, 2014. The exhibition shows 220 chained silhouette sets, each bearing the name of one of the missing girls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamist militants in the remote northeastern town of Chibok on April 14. A total of 276 girls were kidnapped, attracting worldwide condemnation and prompting an international rescue effort. Of that number, 219 are nonetheless still held captive after others managed to escape. AFP PHOTO / PIERRE ANDRIEU (Photo credit should read PIERRE ANDRIEU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIERRE ANDRIEU via Getty Images)
FRANCE-NIGERIA-UNREST-KIDNAPPING(57 of60)
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Former French first lady Valerie Trierweiler shows her T-shirt reading \'Bring back our girls, secure walking school\' during the inauguration of the temporary exhibition \'Bring Back Our Girls\' as part of the worldwide Bring Back Our Girls campaign, on Place de la Republique in Paris on July 28, 2014. The exhibition, inaugurated by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo and former French first lady Valerie Trierweiler, shows 220 silhouette sets, each bearing the name of one of the missing girls kidnapped by Boko Haram Islamist militants in the remote northeastern town of Chibok on April 14. A total of 276 girls were kidnapped, attracting worldwide condemnation and prompting an international rescue effort. Of that number, 219 are nonetheless still held captive after others managed to escape. AFP PHOTO / PIERRE ANDRIEU (Photo credit should read PIERRE ANDRIEU/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PIERRE ANDRIEU via Getty Images)
Protest in Abuja for the kidnapped Nigerian girls(58 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - AUGUST 22: A protestor marches under \'\'Bring back our girls\'\' campaign for the missing Nigerian girls in Abuja, Nigeria on August 22, 2014. On April 14, Boko Haram militants abducted dozens of schoolgirls in Chibok town of Borno. Only about 54 of the girls have returned, while authorities say about 219 remain missing. (Photo by Mac John Akende/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Protest in Abuja for the kidnapped Nigerian girls(59 of60)
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ABUJA, NIGERIA - AUGUST 22: Protestors march by shouting slogans under \'\'Bring back our girls\'\' campaign for the missing Nigerian girls in Abuja, Nigeria on August 22, 2014. On April 14, Boko Haram militants abducted dozens of schoolgirls in Chibok town of Borno. Only about 54 of the girls have returned, while authorities say about 219 remain missing. (Photo by Mac John Akende/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
Nigerian people fleeing from clashes in Maiduguri(60 of60)
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MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA - SEPTEMBER 9: People, fled from Bama, Konduga and Damboa villages of northern Nigeria due to the clashes between Nigerian security forces and Boko Haram militants, take shelter at an orientation camp held in a state secondary school for girls under the control of National Youth Service Corps (NSYC) in Maiduguri, Nigeria on September 9, 2014. (Photo by Mohammed Abba/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)

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