ミャンマーは民主国家になったのか?

軍指導部が憲法に仕込んだ周到な条項の数々を見ると...
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ミャンマーの数千万もの人々と世界中のアウンサンスーチー氏の支持者にとっては、11月8日の選挙で夢が叶ったように思われる。アウンサンスーチー氏の率いる国民民主連盟(NLD)は地滑り的勝利をおさめ、50年以上にわたる軍政に終止符を打ったかのようだ。人々は思うかも知れない、「ついに民主主義の時代が来たのだ」と。

しかし、ミャンマーは本当に民主主義国家になったのだろうか?

「ある日突然目覚めたら、ミャンマーの軍指導部が民主主義を信仰するようになっていた」などということは、ない。もちろん、経済制裁や国際社会のつまはじきものといった立場から逃れたかった。とはいえ、国の支配権を放棄したいわけではなかった。

しかし、それでは選挙に勝てないことも理解していた。NLDの支持率の高さには、かなわなかった。

そこで彼らが用意した解決策が、民主主義の姿をした、輝かしい新憲法だ(ただし、軍の最高支配権は、変わらず保証されるという内容の…)。

新議会が発足すれば、国民は現実を実感するだろう。新しく選出された議員が加わる国会には、既に116人の議員がいる。全体の25%を占める既存議員は、軍指導部により指名された者たちだ。2人の副大統領のうち1名は既存議員たちから選出されるため、彼らと同じ軍人が選ばれることになるのだ。

ミャンマーの政治は現在、軍政と民主主義をかけ合わせた混合システムになっている。ただし民主主義は鎖につながれた状態になっている。

軍指導部はアウンサンスーチー氏を忌み嫌い、恐れている。憲法に特別条項を盛り込み、大統領には他の国の国籍を持つ子がいてはならないと定めているのは、アウンサンスーチー氏が大統領になるのを防ぐためだ。

また、ミャンマー軍の指導部は、政権内の主要な大臣を任命できるようにした。防衛相と、内務相、国境相は軍指揮官に仕えることになる。これにより、軍隊は新政府の力の範囲外に置かれることになる。さらに、60年以上続く紛争の解決に不可欠なはずの、警察、司法制度、保安部隊、民族諸地域内の問題に関する管理権限が政府には与えられない。

人権に関しては、大惨事だ。ミャンマー軍は国内の少数民族に対し、恐ろしい人権侵害を犯している。レイプが戦争における攻撃手段として行われ、農民は拷問・処刑され、村々は焼き払われている。法律の専門家によると、こうした残虐行為は国際法の定義上、戦争犯罪や人道に対する罪にあてはまるという。しかし、NLD政権は、これを止める力を事実上持ち合わせていない。

決定事項の一つ一つを、政権はどこまでならば安全に進められるのか。慎重に進めなくてはいけない。

政治犯の問題も何十年も国を苦しめてきたが、消えてなくなったりはしない。選挙期間、軍にとっては好ましくないFacebook投稿を行った人々が投獄された。警察の統制か、真に独立した司法組織が編成できない限りは、未だ政治的信条や行動によって、投獄される可能性がある。これはNLD政権が行き詰まる可能性のある、問題の一つだ。

NLD政権は、予算を使って軍を統治することもできない。軍は自らの予算を独自に設定しており、政権は残ったお金で何とかやりくりしなければならない。軍関係の支出が、福祉と教育を合わせた支出を上回っているのは、驚くにあたらないだろう。

それでもNLD政権が、軍にとって好ましくない政策を実施しようとした場合どうなるのか。その場合、議会と政府、双方の上に立つのは国防治安評議会だ。憲法上はミャンマーで最高権力を持つ機関である。この機関の11人のメンバーのうち6人は軍の人間で、軍が多数派を形成することが保障されている。そのため国防治安評議会は、NLD政権の決定を覆すことができる。

人権に関しては、大惨事だ。

まるで政府機能の監視が不十分だといわんばかりに、軍は曖昧な「国家安全保障」と「国家団結」という理由をつけて、軍に権力を再度取り戻す権利を与えるとする条項を憲法に追加した。基本的にはいつでも好きな時に、軍は権力を取り戻すことができる。決定事項の一つ一つを、政権はどこまでならば安全に進められるのか。慎重に進めなくてはいけない。

これらすべてを考慮すると、アウンサンスーチー氏とNLDにとって、最優先事項の一つが憲法改革であることは当たり前のことで、軍指導部もそれを理解している。そこで意味を持ってくるのが、軍が持つ議会の25%を占める議席数だ。憲法改正には、75%以上の議員が賛成票を投じる必要がある。つまり軍は憲法改革に対し拒否権を行使できるのだ。軍が望まない限り、改革はない。

こうした問題が山積みとはいえ、たとえNLD政権が無力化されることになっても、これまでよりは確実に良い方向へ向かうだろう。しかし、これは民主主義ではないし、容認できるものでもない。「変遷の過程」と説明されてもいけない。なぜなら、現行の憲法のもとでは、本当の民主主義に向けた、さらなるステップは踏み出せないからだ。

軍は権力を再度取り戻す権利を与えられるとする項を憲法へ挿入した。曖昧で明記もされていない「国家安全保障」と「国家団結」という理由を根拠として。

ミャンマーの政治は現在、軍事政権と民主主義をかけ合わせた混合システムになっている。ただし民主主義は鎖につながれた状態になっている。国際社会の大部分の人たちからみれば、十分だと思えるかもしれない。彼らは、こういうことは時間がかかるだの、順風満帆に進むことはないだのと言って、ミャンマーの人々に大きな顔をし続ける。しかしミャンマーの人々にとっては、全く十分ではないのだ。西洋諸国では、政府の権限が軍に及ばず、軍によって主要な大臣が任命されるような状況は、決して容認されないだろう。それはミャンマーでも同じなのだ。

長く遅々とした変遷は、人権侵害がまだこれから何年も続くことを意味する。さらに多くの女性がミャンマー軍にレイプされ、さらなる政治犯が生まれ、もっと多くの村が焼き払われる。人権侵害の被害者は、ゆっくり待つということなどできない。彼らには真の民主主義が必要であり、それはまさに今必要とされている。彼らにとってはまったく文字通り、生死に関わる問題だ。今はまだ、祝福などできる時ではないのだ。

ミャンマー総選挙
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Muslims stand in a line to cast their vote outside of a polling station in Mandalay, Myanmar, Sunday Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Hkun Lat) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Myanmar Elections(44 of47)
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A woman casts her vote in a polling station in Naypyitaw, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the military\'s longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Aung Shine Oo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(45 of47)
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An official of Union Election Commission displays ballot papers to representatives of political parties during the counting of votes at a polling station in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. With tremendous excitement and hope, millions of citizens voted Sunday in Myanmar\'s historic general election that will test whether the military\'s long-standing grip on power can be loosened, with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi\'s party expected to secure an easy victory. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Myanmar Elections(46 of47)
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Supporters of Myanmar\'s National League for Democracy party cheer as they watch early voting results outside the NLD headquarters in Yangon, Myanmar, Sunday, Nov. 8, 2015. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate will help loosen the militaryâs longstanding hold on power even if opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyiâs party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Mark Baker) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
The Week That Was in Asia(47 of47)
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In this Nov. 8, 2015 file photo, Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, center, leaves after casting her ballot at a polling station in general election in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar voted Sunday in historic elections that will test whether popular mandate can loosen the military\'s longstanding grip on power, even if opposition leader Suu Kyi\'s party secures a widely-expected victory. (AP Photo/Khin Maung Win, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)

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