クリミア問題から「従米」と「自主」を考える

国の憲法や法律を無視して各地域が勝手に住民投票を行ない、独立や他国への編入を決めるのでは、近代を支える主権国家の仕組みの全否定になってしまいます。欧米諸国が「併合はぜったいに受け入れられない」とするのは当然です。
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ウクライナ南部のクリミア半島をロシアが併合したことが重大な国際問題になっています。

ロシアのプーチン大統領は、住民投票によって圧倒的多数がロシアへの編入を支持したのだから「完全に民主的で合法的だ」といいます。しかし国の憲法や法律を無視して各地域が勝手に住民投票を行ない、独立や他国への編入を決めるのでは、近代を支える主権国家の仕組みの全否定になってしまいます。欧米諸国が「併合はぜったいに受け入れられない」とするのは当然です。

しかしその一方でクリミア半島が複雑な歴史を抱えていて、「ロシアの侵略」と単純に決めつけられないのも確かです。ヨーロッパでも危機感が強いのはポーランドなど東欧の国で、ロシアとの経済的な関係が強いドイツでは「旧ソ連邦の特殊な出来事」として制裁に消極的な意見が多数派のようです。

クリミア半島をめぐる争いは、政治が権力闘争だということをよく示しています。権力者が政治的決断をするときに考えるのは、次の3つのことです。

(1)国益を最大化する

(2)自分の権力基盤を強化する

(3)政敵の権力基盤を弱体化させる

政治家はこれらの複雑な組み合わせの中から、功利主義的に最大の利益を獲得する選択を行ないます。このときもっとも重要なのは自分の権力基盤で、国益はしばしば二の次になります。外交上の判断がどれほど正しくても、権力を失ってしまえば意味がないからです。

そう考えると、国民がクリミア併合に熱狂する中で、プーチンにはそれ以外の選択肢はありませんでした。欧米の首脳もそれはわかっていますが、併合を容認することはできず、世論を見ながら着地点を探ろうとしているのでしょう。

日本にとってクリミア半島は安全保障になんの関係もなく、対岸の火事でしかありません。またロシアとの間には北方領土問題を抱え、平和条約も締結していません。欧米諸国とは条件が異なる以上、追及する利益にも違いが出るのは当然でしょう。

もっとも無難な政治判断は、欧米と歩調を合わせてロシアの制裁に参加することです。これはリスクはありませんが、ロシアとの関係は冷え込むでしょう。

それとは別に、欧米と距離を置き、ロシアに貸しをつくって北方領土交渉を進めるという政治判断も考えられます。こちらは米国の強い反発を招くでしょうが、領土問題に決着をつけて平和条約を締結できれば歴史に名を残す偉業になるのは間違いありません。

近頃は日本の外交を「対米従属」と「自主」に分類し、レッテルを貼るのが流行っています。この視点ではロシアへの制裁が「従米」、併合容認が「自主」ということになるでしょう。

しかしいうまでもなく、このようなレッテル貼りになんの意味もありません。「従米」か「自主」かは政治家個人のイデオロギーではなく、その時々の状況で功利的に決まるからです。

ウクライナの政治家たちも、「従ロシア」と「自主」の間で複雑なゲームを行なっています。他国の政治は客観的に観察できても、自分の国になると陰謀史観にとらわれる――悲しいけれどこれが人間の性なのでしょう。

週刊プレイボーイ』2014年3月31発売号

禁・無断転載

(2014年4月7日「橘玲 公式サイト」より転載)

ウクライナ情勢【2014年2月】
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 20: Anti-government protesters, continue to their clash with police in Independence square, despite a truce agreed between the Ukrainian president and opposition leaders on February 20, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 20: Anti-government protesters, continue to their clash with police in Independence square, despite a truce agreed between the Ukrainian president and opposition leaders on February 20, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 20: Anti-government protesters, continue to their clash with police in Independence square, despite a truce agreed between the Ukrainian president and opposition leaders on February 20, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(47 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 20: Anti-government protesters, continue to their clash with police in Independence square, despite a truce agreed between the Ukrainian president and opposition leaders on February 20, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 20: Anti-government protesters, continue to clash with police in Independence square, despite a truce agreed between the Ukrainian president and opposition leaders on February 20, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 20: Anti-government protesters, continue to clash with police in Independence square, despite a truce agreed between the Ukrainian president and opposition leaders on February 20, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Anti-government protesters clash with police in Independence Square on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. Violent clashes erupted yesterday following renewed anti-government protests, with the death toll rising to 25. (credit:Alexander Koerner/Getty Images)
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Anti-government protesters clash with police in Independence Square on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. Violent clashes erupted yesterday following renewed anti-government protests, with the death toll rising to 25. (credit:Alexander Koerner/Getty Images)
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Women make molotov cocktails as anti-government protesters clash with police in Independence Square on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. Violent clashes erupted yesterday following renewed anti-government protests, with the death toll rising to 25. (credit:Reuters)
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Anti-government protesters clash with police in Independence Square on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. Violent clashes erupted yesterday following renewed anti-government protests, with the death toll rising to 25. (credit:Reuters)
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Anti-government protesters clash with police in Independence Square on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. Violent clashes erupted yesterday following renewed anti-government protests, with the death toll rising to 25. (credit:Reuters)
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Anti-government protesters clash with police in Independence Square on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. Violent clashes erupted yesterday following renewed anti-government protests, with the death toll rising to 25. (credit:Reuters)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(56 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(57 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(58 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(59 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(60 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Fireworks fly over Independence Square, known as Maidan, during clashes in the early hours of on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(61 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(62 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(63 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(64 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: Anti-government protesters guard the perimeter of Independence Square, known as Maidan, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Violence Escalates As Kiev Protests Continue(65 of65)
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KIEV, UKRAINE - FEBRUARY 19: A fire truck is used to rescue people from the upper floors of a burning Trade Unions Building, which has been used as the de facto headquarters for anti-government protesters, on February 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. After several weeks of calm, violence has again flared between police and anti-government protesters, who are calling for the ouster of President Viktor Yanukovych over corruption and an abandoned trade agreement with the European Union. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)