ISISの影が迫ってきても、イラクに留まり続けるクリスチャンたち

近くにあるイラク第2の町モスルを占拠した今、クリスチャンが多く住むバーテラの町まで襲ってくるのではないかとの不安に苛まれている。

イラク・バーテラ――イラクの北部に位置する静かな町のキリスト教会から道を隔てた反対側で、モウニール・ベーラムさんは家族とともに食卓に座り昼食を取っていた。ベーラムさんは、教会を守る武装ガードマンである。普段は楽な仕事だが、強硬なスンニ派武装勢力(自分たちのイスラムの考えに従わない人々を標的にすることで有名だ)が、近くにあるイラク第2の町モスルを占拠した今、クリスチャンが多く住むバーテラの町まで襲ってくるのではないかとの不安に苛まれている。

妻のサビハさんは、その穏やかな物腰と、温かい麦と野菜の料理で夫の不安をなだめる。食卓の上にかけられている色あせた「最後の晩餐」の絵を指差し、「彼らが私たちの守護者です」と話した。

そして、「ここに残るつもりです。ここが私たちの家ですから」と付け加えた。

モウニールさんも頷いて言った。「どこにも行くところなんてありません」

夫婦の祖先はアッシリア人で、人口1万6000人のこの町の周辺に聖書の時代から住み着いている。サビハさんは、過去10年間で反乱軍と外国軍との戦いが激化し、クリスチャンへの攻撃が増加したことで、多くの家族がここを離れていくのを見てきた。そしてここ数週間ほど、さらに多くの人々が以前よりも緊迫度を増して慌しく町から逃げ出している。武装集団と連携するスンニ派武装勢力グループの「イラクとシリアのイスラム国」(ISIS) が、6月中旬以降12近いイラクの町を占拠して、宗教対立を引き起こし、イラク軍や民間人を殺害しているという。

こうしたISISの残虐行為にもかかわらず、サビハさんはどこへも行くつもりはないという。彼女の信仰が、この場所へ留まる勇気を与えてくれるのだという。この町の多くのクリスチャンは、サビハさんの勇気ある姿勢に同調するが、中には逃げられるうちに逃げたいと計画している人々もいる。今月だけでも、数千ものイラク人が混乱の中避難を余儀なくされている。

「私たちの教会を守るつもりです」サビハさんは迷うことなく言った。「若い者たちが守ってくれます」

サビハさんや他のクリスチャンたちは、ISISがイラクのクリスチャンや他の少数民族に対して柔軟な対応を取ってくれるかもしれないという希望を捨てていない。こうした少数民族は、戦争が起こる前のイラクでは人口のおよそ3%を占めていたというが、クリスチャンたちが大量に避難した今はその数もシリアに比べてだいぶ減少したと見られている。

「ISISがやってきたとしても、避難するのは難しいです」と話すのは、地元のクリスチャンコミュニティで指導的立場にある人物だ。身の安全のため、名前と地位は明かさずにインタビューに応じてくれた。「どこに行けというのです もし逃れたとしても、難民テントで生活するしかありません」

「もちろん、不安です。でも、クルド軍がいます」と、彼は付け加えた。ペシュメルガとして知られるクルド人兵士たちで、長いことこの町を守ってきた。「彼らが守ってくれるでしょう」

先祖代々バーテラに住んで商店を経営しているクリスチャンのモウアド・ゴーギスさんも、同じ考えだ。

「(ISISは) どうやったらそんなことができるんだ」錆び付いたファンが頭上で回る小さな雑貨店で、モウアドさんはそう答えた。近所に住むクリスチャンやムスリムたちが、通りすがりに手を振って行く。「だって、今は2014年ですよ。ムスリムがそんなことするなんて。どっからそんなおかしな考えが出てくるんです? やつらが私を殺すと脅したって、私は動きません」

しかし、町の多くの住人同様ゴーギスさんもここでの生活が困難になっていると話す。モスルから水道や電気をひいているこの町で、ここ最近そうした資源の供給不足が続いているのをISISのせいにしている人は多い。多くの家で、電灯が付いたり消えたりしている。安全のため、日曜学校などの宗教プログラムを中止している教会もある。多くの住人たちは、何年も前に、自動車爆弾がバーテラの町を揺るがせた時の状況に似ていると話す。

2006年にバグダッドでの騒乱を逃れてバーテラにやってきたクリスチャンのマジン・サイド・シャバさんは、イラクを逃げ出せるならいつでも準備はできているという。そもそもシャバさんがバーテラにやってきたのは、クリスチャンが多く住んでいる町なら安全だろうと感じたためだが、今ではそれが町の破滅につながるのではないかと懸念する。

「神父さんたちはここに留まるように言うのですが、そういう彼らの家族たちは避難しているんです」シャバさんにも、2人の幼い息子がいる。「夜寝ていても安全ではありません。明日何が起こるかもわかりません」

目抜き通りを少し入った所で、ワアドさんという男性に話を聞いた。彼の属するシャバク・ムスリムの少数民族は、その多くがシーア派だ。彼も、クリスチャン同様スンニ派武装勢力を恐れている。

「クリスチャンだけではないんです」長い肉切り包丁を腰に下げて、ワアドさんは話してくれた。「ISISは誰でも攻撃します。モスルに住む私のおじも、少数民族というだけで殺されました」。

ワアドさんは仕事のためバーテラに残っているが、家族はここから東へおよそ72キロ離れたアルビールの町へ送ったという。アルビールは強固な要塞と化しており、ワアドさんは家族に自分のおじと同じ運命をたどって欲しくないと願っている。

同様に、サビハさんとモウニールさんも、バーテラに残って自分たちのルーツを守っていきたいと主張する一方で、やはり10代の娘のことを心配している。

自宅の台所でモウニールさんは娘と向き合い、その温かい目、むき出しの肩、首に下げられた十字架、隠されていないロングヘアーに目をやる。ISISがイスラムのベールで彼女の髪を覆い、信仰を捨てるよう強要することを考えただけでも耐えられないと語る。

「娘は町を出たがっています」モウニールさんは言う。「『お父さんがここで死にたいならそれでもいい。でも私は生きたい』と」。

English by Sophia Jones]

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イスラム過激派「イラク・レバントのイスラム国(ISIL)」に襲われたイラク北部モスル[携帯電話で撮影した画像より] (credit:AFP=時事)
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イスラム過激派「イラク・レバントのイスラム国(ISIL)」による攻撃を逃れ、イラク北部クルド人自治区に入ろうとする避難民の車(イラク) (credit:AFP=時事)
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イラク北部モスルで、炎上する治安部隊の車両[携帯電話で撮影された画像より] (credit:AFP=時事)
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イスラム過激派が攻め込んだイラク北部モスルの路上に残された治安部隊員の服や装備品(イラク・モスル) (credit:AFP=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul stand in a queue at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul wait at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul arrive at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Soldiers search Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul upon their arrival at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Soldiers check Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul upon their arrival at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul wait at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi Red Crescent staff members set up tents for fleeing Iraqis in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul stand in a queue at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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An Iraqi girl stands next to tents erected by Red Crescent staff members for fleeing Iraqis in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi displaced families queue at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul queue at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi soldiers leave a military base as Kurdish forces take control over many areas in Kirkuk on 11 June 2014. Iraqi Kurdish forces have moved into the contested northern city of Kirkuk, some 160 kilometres south-west of Mosul, to defend it against advancing jihadist fighters, security sources say. Thousands of Iraqi army and police troops have also deployed to protect Kirkuk province vital oil fields, the sources add. EPA/KHALIL AL-A\'NEI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi soldiers leave a military base as Kurdish forces take control over many areas in Kirkuk on 11 June 2014. Iraqi Kurdish forces have moved into the contested northern city of Kirkuk, some 160 kilometres south-west of Mosul, to defend it against advancing jihadist fighters, security sources say. Thousands of Iraqi army and police troops have also deployed to protect Kirkuk province vital oil fields, the sources add. EPA/KHALIL AL-A\'NEI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi soldiers leave a military base as Kurdish forces take control over many areas in Kirkuk on 11 June 2014. Iraqi Kurdish forces have moved into the contested northern city of Kirkuk, some 160 kilometres south-west of Mosul, to defend it against advancing jihadist fighters, security sources say. Thousands of Iraqi army and police troops have also deployed to protect Kirkuk province vital oil fields, the sources add. EPA/KHALIL AL-A\'NEI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis queue at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi soldiers leave a military base as Kurdish forces take control over many areas in Kirkuk on 11 June 2014. Iraqi Kurdish forces have moved into the contested northern city of Kirkuk, some 160 kilometres south-west of Mosul, to defend it against advancing jihadist fighters, security sources say. Thousands of Iraqi army and police troops have also deployed to protect Kirkuk province vital oil fields, the sources add. EPA/KHALIL AL-A\'NEI (credit:EPA=時事)
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11日、イラク北部のクルド人自治区アルビルに設けられた検問所に逃れてきた女性ら。 (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis arrive at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)
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11日、イラク北部ティクリートで炎上する警察車両。 (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi boys ride an armored military vehicle at a street in Tikrit, northern Iraq, 11 June 2014. There were conflicting claims as to the fate of Salah al-Din\'s provincial capital Tikrit, with state television quoting security officials as saying they had retaken it from militants of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Iraq\'s air force went into action against militants who have seized a swathe of the north including the country\'s second largest city Mosul, state television reported. (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi Sunni gunmen at a street in Tikrit, northern Iraq,11 June 2014. There were conflicting claims as to the fate of Salah al-Din\'s provincial capital Tikrit, with state television quoting security officials as saying they had retaken it from militants of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Iraq\'s air force went into action against militants who have seized a swathe of the north including the country\'s second largest city Mosul, state television reported. Alsumaria television earlier reported that ISIL had seized the city, 170 kilometres north of Baghdad. EPA/STR BEST QUALTY AVAILABLE (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi boys ride an armored military vehicle at a street in Tikrit, northern Iraq, 11 June 2014. There were conflicting claims as to the fate of Salah al-Din\'s provincial capital Tikrit, with state television quoting security officials as saying they had retaken it from militants of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Iraq\'s air force went into action against militants who have seized a swathe of the north including the country\'s second largest city Mosul, state television reported. (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqi Sunni gunmen drive in a pickup truck on a street in Tikrit, northern Iraq, 11 June 2014. There were conflicting claims as to the fate of Salah al-Din\'s provincial capital Tikrit, with state television quoting security officials as saying they had retaken it from militants of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Iraq\'s air force went into action against militants who have seized a swathe of the north including the country\'s second largest city Mosul, state television reported. Alsumaria television earlier reported that ISIL had seized the city, 170 kilometres north of Baghdad. EPA/STR BEST QUALTY AVAILABLE (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis inspect the site of a suicide bomb attack that targeted a funeral tent in the Sadr city district in Baghdad, Iraq, 11 June 2014. At least 21 people were killed and dozens others injured when a suicide bomber blow himself up inside a funeral tent in Sadr city, police said. EPA/AHMED ALI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Smoke billows from the site of a car bomb explosion in Khadiyah, northern Baghdad, Iraq, 11 June 2014. At least 19 people were reported killed and dozens others wounded when a car bomb exploded inside a security checkpoint in Khadiyah city, police said. EPA/AHMED ALI BEST QUALITY AVAILABLE (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis inspect damage near the site of a suicide bomb attack that targeted a funeral tent in the Sadr city district in Baghdad, Iraq, 11 June 2014. At least 21 people were killed and dozens others injured when a suicide bomber blow himself up inside a funeral tent in Sadr city, police said. EPA/AHMED ALI (credit:EPA=時事)
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Iraqis who fled the violence in Mosul stand in a queue at a checkpoint in Erbil, Kurdistan region, north Iraq, 11 June 2014. Relative calm prevailed in the northern city of Mosul two days after fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) captured it from government troops. The al-Qaeda splinter group\'s control of Mosul has triggered a mass exodus from the city. EPA/KAMAL AKRAYI (credit:EPA=時事)

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