ドイツでみた難民問題。旧東独出身のドイツ女性、いまは難民を助ける側に

欧州を揺るがす難民問題。ドイツ中部の小さな町で、20年以上にわたり難民支援を続ける女性がいる。彼女も、かつて愛のために国を捨てた「難民」だった。
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欧州を揺るがす難民問題。ドイツ中部の小さな町で、20年以上にわたり難民支援を続ける女性がいる。旧東独出身の彼女も、かつて愛のために国を捨てた「難民」だった。(取材・文=GLOBE編集部・杉崎慎弥)

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〈かつて自宅に受け入れたエリトリア、ソマリア、エチオピアからの難民と旧東独出身のウータさん〉

難民に自宅の空き部屋を提供する

ドイツ中部のゴスラーで難民支援団体「外国暮らし」代表のウータ・リーバウさん(61)に会った。もう20年以上も難民の生活支援を続けている。ウータさんが難民支援に携わるようになったのは、1992年にボスニア難民を自宅で受け入れたことがきっかけだった。「キリスト教の精神では、困った人は助けないといけない。だから、受け入れたの」と話す。

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〈当時の思い出を語るウータ・リーバウさん〉

初めての受け入れは、ボスニアとクロアチア国境に近い街から逃げてきた7人家族だった。夫のティルさん(64)によれば、「その家族の長男がイスラム教徒で、その妻がキリスト教徒だった。そんな夫婦がいると、宗教的な対立が始まったボスニアでは、子どもが幼稚園に行けないなどの迫害を受けてしまい、居場所がなくなってしまったんだ」という。

リーバウ家では、空きスペースになっていた自宅の地下のキッチンやバスルームなどを、難民の家族に提供した。ただ、当初は違う文化の人を受け入れることに不安があったという。「言葉での意思疎通ができないから、身ぶり手ぶりでなんとか会話していた」とウータさんは苦笑する。

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〈難民たちを住まわせていた自宅地下の部屋で〉

お互いに理解しあえるようになったのは、ある日の夕食だった。「ごく簡単なことだった。それぞれが、食事の前に信じる神に祈り、感謝する。その姿を見て、『ああ、同じなんだ』と感じたの。違う宗教でも共存できるなら、困っている人をもっと助けたいと思った」。ウータさんは、そう振り返る。

その後、アルメニアやアゼルバイジャン、エリトリアなどからも難民を自宅に受け入れ、近隣住民と一緒に難民支援団体を立ち上げた。地元郡政府へ難民の待遇改善を要望したり、難民の住居提供や職のあっせんなどといった支援を続けたりしている。

過去の「難民」経験も原動力に

だが、ウータさんを突き動かすのは、キリスト教の教えだけではなかった。

「私も『難民』だった。冷戦時代、鉄のカーテンを越えて来たのよ」

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〈1989年11月11日。東独政府は新たに西ベルリンへの通過地点を増やすと発表。「ベルリンの壁」の一部を取り壊し始めた photo: 朝日新聞社〉

ティルさんと結婚するために、旧東独から亡命同然に旧西独に渡って苦労した自分の姿が、今の難民たちの姿と重なるのだという。

2人の出会いは1978年5月。旧東独のザクセン州ハレにあるハレ大学で、当時24歳だったウータさんの隣に座っていたのがティルさんだった。「古代ギリシャ語の講義がつまらなくて。隣にいたティルに『アイスクリーム食べに行かない?』って誘ったのよ」。

お互い、ほぼ一目ぼれで恋に落ちたという2人。つきあい始めてまもなく、結婚を考え始めた。だが、ティルさんは、旧西独地域から、司祭になる研修を受けるために一時的にハレに来ていただけだった。当時の東独は、秘密警察「シュタージ」を始めとする治安機関が社会の中に監視の網を張り巡らせており、国外旅行や移住の自由もなく、結婚は不可能だとみられていた。

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〈夫ティルさん。ドイツ・ゴスラーの自宅キッチンで〉

ウータさんは、「周りから『夢を見てるんじゃない』と諭された。でも、あきらめきれなかった」という。懸命に結婚への道を探す2人。「ティルが何度もボン政府に掛け合ってくれて、『家族の統合』という制度を使えば、東独から呼び寄せる形で結婚ができるというのを見つけてくれたのよ」

この制度を申請し、79年にウータさんが単身で西に入り、2人は結婚した。ウータさんは東独の国籍を捨てた。それでも、東独のスパイではないかどうかの面接を受けたり、収容施設のような場所に住まされたりと、当初は今の難民たちと同じような境遇に置かれたという。ウータさんは、東西の壁がなくなるまで、東独には戻れなかった。両親と会うにも、第三国のチェコスロバキア(当時)まで行かなければならなかった。

「君は国と家族を捨ててきたんだ。でも、名字だけは捨ててはいけない」というティルさんの配慮もあり、結婚後も2人はリーバウ姓を名乗ることに決めたという。

ウータさんは、「私がつらい思いをしてでも西独に入ろうしたように、シリアや中東からの難民も、なんとか生きる道を探そうとしている普通の人たちです。高いモチベーションがあるし、負担や不安材料ではなく、ドイツに貢献する人材になれるはず」と話す。

移民を受け入れ成長してきたドイツ

ドイツは外国からの人材を移民・難民として受け入れ、経済の力としてきた経験がある。ドイツの主要経済団体の一つ「ドイツ手工業協会」のホルガー・シュヴァネッケ事務総長(54)は、「ドイツは過去、トルコや東欧からの移民とともに経済を発展させてきた。彼らを社会統合できれば、ドイツの利益になることがわかっているのだ」と話す。

1950年代から70年代前半にかけて、労働力不足を補う目的で、トルコや旧ユーゴスラビアから100万人以上の労働者を受け入れた。「出稼ぎ」という位置づけで、全員が出身国に帰るはずだったが、そのまま定住した人も多い。しかし、ドイツ語教育などが十分でなく、子や孫の代になってもドイツ人との格差が残ってしまった。失業率はドイツ人の倍以上とのデータもある。ドイツ政府はこうした過去の教訓をふまえ、移民や難民がドイツ社会の一員になるのに必要な語学習得などの仕組みづくりを進めてきた。

難民・移民を国の力とするために

2005年には「新移民法」が施行され、600時間のドイツ語学習と法律や文化を学ぶオリエンテーションを含む「統合コース」への参加を、ドイツ語能力が不十分な移民や難民に義務づけた。ドイツの移民政策に詳しい久保山亮・専修大学講師は、「ドイツへの移民の7割はEU域内からだが、頭打ちになることが予測されている。移民を持続的に確保して、労働力としていくのはドイツにとって切実な課題だ」と話す。

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〈ドイツに移民背景を持つ人たちが増えていることを、新聞記事を見せながら説明してくれた〉

自他共に認める「移民国」となったドイツ。ドイツ統計局によると、ドイツの人口の5人に1人が、外国人やその子どもらといった移民の背景を持つという。

ウータさんが自宅のキッチンで、ある写真を見せてくれた。移民の背景を持つ子どもたちが笑顔でほほ笑む写真の新聞記事だった。

「この子の祖母はウクライナ出身。他の子たちも先祖は移民として、スウェーデン、チェチェン、ポーランド、ロシア、トルコなどの国から来て、様々な国を背景に持っている。でも、みんなドイツに溶け込んでいて、誰もが彼らをドイツ人と見なして疑わない」と指を指しながら説明した。

数年前に自宅で受け入れたエリトリアからの難民の男性も、今では職を得て教会で働いている。そして、最初に受け入れたボスニア難民の女性が、フランスの物流会社で活躍しているとの便りに、ウータさんは目を細める。「難民は負担で問題だなんて書いてある教科書があったら、書き直さないといけないわね」

◇ ◇ ◇

GLOBEの特集「難民6000万人時代」では、第2次大戦後、最多となった難民を、世界はどう受けいれているかを探っています。どうぞお読み下さい。

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ドイツにやってきた難民の子供たち
Germany Migrants(01 of30)
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Refugees and migrants arrive at the central station in Munich, southern Germany Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. (Sven Hoppe/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(02 of30)
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Refugees and migrants arrive at the central station in Munich, southern Germany Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. (Sven Hoppe/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(03 of30)
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Refugees and migrants arrive at the central station in Munich, southern Germany Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. (Sven Hoppe/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(04 of30)
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Migrants arrive from Munich at Schoenefeld train station near Berlin, Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. ( Kay Nietfeld/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(05 of30)
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Migrants arrive from Munich at Schoenefeld train station near Berlin, Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. ( Kay Nietfeld/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(06 of30)
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Migrants arrive from Munich at Schoenefeld train station near Berlin, Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. ( Kay Nietfeld/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(07 of30)
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A refugee woman from Syria carries a bag with personal things on top of her head, at a tent village for migrants at the Donnersberg bridge close to the central train station in Munich, Germany, Sunday Sept. 13, 2015. Hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees and others are still making their way slowly across Europe, seeking shelter where they can, taking a bus or a train where one is available, walking where it isn\'t. (Andreas Gebert/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(08 of30)
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A little refugee boy is given a typical Bavarian pretzel after he arrived with his family at the main train station in Munich, southern Germany, September 07, 2015.The numbers of migrants have spiked since September 4, 2015, when Austria and Germany threw open their borders and eased travel restrictions to allow in thousands who had made it to Hungary, which has balked at the influx. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(09 of30)
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A helper and a migrant girl from Syria laugh in \'Bayernkaserne\', where donations for refugess have been collected, in Munich, southern Germany, on September 9, 2015. Hundres of refugees arrive daily in Munich and the border region of Germany. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(10 of30)
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A helper puts a shoe at a leg of a migrant girl from Syria in \'Bayernkaserne\', where donations for refugess have been collected, in Munich, southern Germany, on September 9, 2015. Hundres of refugees arrive daily in Munich and the border region of Germany. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(11 of30)
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A helper and a migrant girl from Syria laugh in \'Bayernkaserne\', where donations for refugess have been collected, in Munich, southern Germany, on September 9, 2015. Hundres of refugees arrive daily in Munich and the border region of Germany. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(12 of30)
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A migrant girl from Syria kisses her sister in \'Bayernkaserne\', where donations for refugess have been collected, in Munich, southern Germany, on September 9, 2015. Hundres of refugees arrive daily in Munich and the border region of Germany. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
HUNGARY-AUSTRIA-MIGRATION(13 of30)
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Migrants smile as they wait to depart a transit zone on a public bus to the Hungarian border village Hegyeshalom early in the morning in Budapest on September 5, 2015. The first buses carrying migrants who have been stranded in the Hungarian capital set off for Austria and Germany early after they agreed to receive thousands of refugees desperate to start new lives in Western Europe. AFP PHOTO/ ATTILA KISBENEDEK (Photo credit should read ATTILA KISBENEDEK/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ATTILA KISBENEDEK via Getty Images)
Refugees at Vienna's Westbahnhof train station(14 of30)
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VIENNA, AUSTRIA - SEPTEMBER 7: A woman gives food to refugees board a train leaving Vienna to Munich at the Westbahnhof train station in Vienna, Austria on September 07, 2015. Refugees, mostly from Syria and Afghanistan, arrived in Vienna after Hungary opened its borders with Austria allowing refugees to leave the country and they will continue their journey onward to Germany. (Photo by Christoph Schlessmann/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(15 of30)
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A helper prepares a toy for a migrant child after migrants arrived at the main railway station in Munich, southern Germany, on September 06, 2015. Germany on Sunday prepared for more refugees to arrive from Hungary via Austria, a day after thousands were greeted, often by volunteers holding signs that read \'Welcome to Germany\'. But calls grew for a European solution to its worst refugee crisis since World War II. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(16 of30)
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A young refugee boy looks out of a bus window reflecting the German nation flag after he arrived at the main train station in Munich, southern Germany, on September 05, 2015. Hundreds of refugees arrived in Germany on September 5, 2015 coming from Hungary and Austria. AFP PHOTO / CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:CHRISTOF STACHE via Getty Images)
Germany Migrants(17 of30)
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A child plays football in the accommodation for refugees and migrants , in the exhibition halls of the trade fair Messe Erfurt, in Erfurt, Germany, Friday, Sept. 11, 2015. More than 700 refugees live there at the moment. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(18 of30)
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Refugee children have fun on a merry-go-round in Dortmund, Germany, Monday, Aug. 31, 2015. The children were invited by the city to a local fun fair. While Germany is preparing to accept at least 800,000 migrants this year, other European countries have not agreed to accept such large numbers of migrants. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(19 of30)
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A child watches police prior to the visit of German Chancellor Angela Merkel to a refugee shelter that was attacked by far-right protesters over the weekend in Heidenau, near Dresden, eastern Germany, Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2015. ( Arno Burgi/dpa via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Migrants(20 of30)
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A child plays next to security prior to the visit of German Chancellor Angela Merkel to the refugee shelter that was attacked by far-right protesters over the weekend in Heidenau, eastern Germany, Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2015. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
SERBIA-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(21 of30)
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Migrants and refugee children wait near a registration camp in the southern Serbian town of Presevo on September 11, 2015. A record 5,000 migrants have arrived at Serbia\'s border with Hungary over the past 24 hours, a television report said on September 10. Some 3,000 of them have already entered into Hungary, the state RTS television said. Most of the migrants are moving through Hungary on their way to Germany and other northern countries where they hope to win asylum. Some 50 buses transporting around 2,500 migrants as well as three trains with around 3,000 others left on September 9 to 10 overnight from Gevgelija, on the Macedonian side of its border with Greece towards Serbia, according to AFP journalists. The EU unveiled plans to take 160,000 refugees from overstretched border states, as the United States said it would accept more Syrians to ease the pressure from the worst migration crisis since World War II. AFP PHOTO / ARMEND NIMANI (Photo credit should read ARMEND NIMANI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ARMEND NIMANI via Getty Images)
MACEDONIA-GREECE-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(22 of30)
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A migrant woman walks with her children on rail tracks as they cross the border between Greece and Macedonia near the town of Gevgelija on September 10, 2015. Europe was increasingly divided over its refugee crisis as record numbers of migrants streamed through the Balkans into Hungary, forcing Austria to suspend cross-border train services. Germany warned that an EU plan to distribute 160,000 new arrivals among member states was a mere \'drop in the ocean\', but it faces stiff opposition from eastern members who say they will not accept binding quotas from Brussels. AFP PHOTO / ROBERT ATANASOVSKI (Photo credit should read ROBERT ATANASOVSKI/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ROBERT ATANASOVSKI via Getty Images)
GERMANY-EUROPE-MIGRANTS(23 of30)
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Refugee child shows the victory sign after her arrival at the railway station in Schoeneberg, near Berlin, on September 10, 2015. Germany is expecting to welcome 800,000 asylum-seekers this year, four times more than last year and far more than any other European country. AFP PHOTO / DPA / PATRICK PLEUL +++ GERMANY OUT (Photo credit should read PATRICK PLEUL/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:PATRICK PLEUL via Getty Images)
A DFB Delegation Visits The Refugee Camp Egelsbach(24 of30)
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EGELSBACH, GERMANY - SEPTEMBER 09: Refugee children waiting for the DFB president Wolfgang Niersbach at the refugee camp egelsbach on September 9, 2015 in Egelsbach, Germany. (Photo by Alexander Scheuber/Bongarts/Getty Images) (credit:Alexander Scheuber via Getty Images)
Germany Protests(25 of30)
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Children of refugees hold pieces of paper in front of the accommodation for immigrants in Freital near Dresden, eastern Germany, Friday, June 26, 2015. The words read: \'Thank you Germany to be here\'. Members of Pegida, the right-wing movement that staged regular rallies in Dresden and elsewhere against immigrants and Muslims, helped initiate protests and demonstrated against the arrival of the first refugee families. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Germany Distributes Arriving Migrants Nationwide(26 of30)
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BERLIN, GERMANY - SEPTEMBER 07: A boy plays at a short-term housing facility for arriving migrants and refugees in Spandau district on September 7, 2015 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin authorities erected the new tent camp, now with a capacity for 1,600 people, last week in a hasty effort to deal with new migrants, at least 300 of whom arrived by bus early this morning and more are expected today and in coming days. Approximately 20,000 migrants, mostly traveling via Hungary, arrived in Germany by train in the last 48 hours and a further 10,000 are expected today. Authorities are distributing them to registration centers and shelters nationwide. (Photo by Carsten Koall/Getty Images) (credit:Carsten Koall via Getty Images)
Germany Distributes Arriving Migrants Nationwide(27 of30)
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BERLIN, GERMANY - SEPTEMBER 07: A child grabs to balloons at a short-term housing facility for arriving migrants and refugees in Spandau district on September 7, 2015 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin authorities erected the new tent camp, now with a capacity for 1,600 people, last week in a hasty effort to deal with new migrants, at least 300 of whom arrived by bus early this morning and more are expected today and in coming days. Approximately 20,000 migrants, mostly traveling via Hungary, arrived in Germany by train in the last 48 hours and a further 10,000 are expected today. Authorities are distributing them to registration centers and shelters nationwide. (Photo by Carsten Koall/Getty Images) (credit:Carsten Koall via Getty Images)
Refugees at Vienna's Westbahnhof train station(28 of30)
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VIENNA, AUSTRIA - SEPTEMBER 7: Refugees, mostly from Syria and Afghanistan, arrive at the Westbahnhof train station in Vienna, Austria on September 07, 2015. Refugees arrived in Vienna after Hungary opened its borders with Austria allowing refugees to leave the country and they will continue their journey onward to Germany. (Photo by Christoph Schlessmann/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) (credit:Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
France Migrants(29 of30)
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Volunteers give toys to children refugees from Syria and Irak after they arrive at the Hubert Renaud centre in Cergy-Pontoise near Paris, France, Wednesday Sept.9, 2015. The groups is the first among around 1,000 that French President Francois Hollande pledged to receive from the neighboring country Germany. (Jacky Naegelen, pool via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Migrants Seeking Asylum Arrive In Berlin(30 of30)
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BERLIN, GERMANY - AUGUST 27: A young migrant boy from Syria blows soap bubbles as other migrants seeking asylum in Germany wait to register at the Central Registration Office for Asylum Seekers (Zentrale Aufnahmestelle fuer Asylbewerber, or ZAA) of the State Office for Health and Social Services (Landesamt fuer Gesundheit und Soziales, or LAGeSo) on August 27, 2015 in Berlin, Germany. The Berlin office is one of many across Germany where migrants receive initial registration papers before they are sent to shelters while their asylum applications are processed. Germany is expecting to receive 800,000 migrants and refugees this year and is struggling to cope with the record number. (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images) (credit:Sean Gallup via Getty Images)