欧州が難民を受け入れるべき理由(コラム)

船に乗る費用がなければ、ゴムボートで海を渡ることになる。命を危険にさらし無事に陸地にたどり着いても、そこで待っているのは南欧諸国の反感であることは分かっている。
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Reuters

この夏、小さな船やボートに乗って地中海を渡った難民や移民は25万人に上った。密航業者に手引きされ、壊れかけの漁船に乗せられた難民らは、地中海を北に進むよう指示され、国際航路に入ったところで助けを求める。

シリアやエリトリア、ナイジェリア、エチオピア、ガンビア、ソマリアなどからの難民たちは、先の見えない航海中、命を落とさないことだけを願っている。子どもが生き伸びるよう浮輪を用意する家族もおり、船の最上部に乗るために業者に余計に払う人もいる。船底には「人の重し」として多くが押し込められている。

エジプトやチュニジアで調達された漁船に乗る費用がなければ、手作りのゴムボートで地中海を渡ることになる。ベニヤ板の床でゴム引きのキャンバス地が破れ、岸からわずか数キロ先で海に投げ出されるケースもある。こうした生きるか死ぬかの航海に乗り出すのは、難民たちには苦境から抜け出す安全な方法などないからだ。彼らは海で命を危険にさらし、そして無事に陸地にたどり着いても、そこで待っているのは南欧諸国の反感であることは分かっている。

われわれが目にしているのは、人々がより良い生活を探そうと世界全体を1つの場所として見る国境のグローバル化だ。この見方に賛同する人は少ないかもしれないが、難民危機が浮き彫りにしているのは、各国政府にそれを止めるだけの力がないことだ。

欧州連合(EU)は、難民を受け入れ先に送る手立てを簡単に整えられるだろうが、実際には、難民の命を奪っているシステムではなく、難民を責めている。相次ぐ難民の死が世論の怒りを喚起し、それによって救助活動が行われるようになるが、難民の流入が欧州の社会システムおよび警察システムを圧迫するようになると、今度は反発感情が生まれてくる。政治家たちは姿勢を硬化させ、難民の死がさらに増えるまで壁が築かれ、結局は振り出しに戻るのだ。

端的に言えば、欧州はこれまでも、そしてこれからも、より良い生活を求める人の流れを止めることはできないだろう。であればこそ、現下の状況に人道的かつ合法的、そして迅速に対処すべきだ。

欧州を目指す難民にとって、最も安易であると同時に最も絶望的な移動手段が船だ。海の上でパニック状態の時、助けが見えると多くの人は片側に殺到する。そうなれば船はひっくり返り、船底にいる人や泳げない人は溺れることになる。地中海での日々の救助活動では、彼らの悲鳴が絶えず耳に届く。

筆者が発行人を務めるウェブサイト「MigrantReport.org」では、こうした悲劇を文書や映像で伝えている。溺れた子どもたちの写真は特に胸が痛む。

困窮から逃れようとする人の移動は、アフリカや中東で始まる。国連難民高等弁務官事務所(UNHCR)によれば、2015年に欧州にたどり着いた難民の63%はシリア人だ。シリア国内と同国周辺の戦争によって難民となった人は900万人で、そのうちの約3割が食料や避難先を海外に求める。しかし2011年3月にシリア内戦が始まって以降、実際に欧州内にとどまることを許されたのは15万人にすぎない。

多くの人は、今年前半に数百人の難民が溺死したとのニュースを知ってショックを受けた。現在、イタリアなど各国海軍と「マイグラント・オフショア・エイドステーション(MOAS)」のような民間団体は、地中海でのパトロールを行っており、海上救助活動は当たり前になった。

筆者が顧問を務めるMOASは、プロの捜索救助チームを使い、「国境なき医師団」とともに難民の救援活動を行っており、これまでに子どもを含む1万人以上の命を救ってきた。また、リビア国内ではドローンを飛ばして危機的状況にある難民を確認し、いち早く彼らに手を差し伸べることができている。

今年に入り、25万人以上が海を渡って欧州にたどり着き、航海中に2000人以上が命を落とした。ここまで多くの難民が海上を漂流しているのは、欧州が難民や移民の大量流入に適切に対処するのを拒んできたからだ。

各種調査によれば、欧州に流入する移民・難民の玄関口となっている南欧では、人口の約80%が、こうした人口流入を望んでいない。北欧の方が受け入れには前向きだ。難民危機に対する有権者の考えが、欧州の「強硬な」政策を形づくっている。そうした空気は、マケドニアでの難民に対する催涙ガス使用や、ハンガリーの首都ブダペストでの難民の駅立ち入り禁止措置などに見ることができる。

難民申請が認められなければ、彼らの行き場所はどこにもない。状況にまったく変化がなく、問題が急速に悪化している以上、解決策を変えるべき時が来ている。今年前半には、昨年1年分の2倍の難民が欧州に到達している。

米国とは違い、欧州は移民に慣れていないため、一部の国は外部からの人口増加がもたらす成長を受け入れるより、内側からゆっくり死んでいくことを選んでいる。難民や移民の流入に最も強硬に反対する国々には、恐ろしい統計的現実がある。ハンガリーやラトビア、ウクライナ、ブルガリアなどは人口が減少し、高齢化が進んでいる。

現在の状況は、欧州から数百万人が海を渡り、米国や豪州やカナダを目指した70年前をほうふつとさせる。移民の波はいつでも恐怖や反感を生み出すが、最終的には新たな国づくりにつながる。

オーストリアでは先週、放置されたトラックの中から移民71人の遺体が発見された。今週に入り、世界の指導者からはようやく、これまでと違った反応が見えるようになった。国連の潘基文事務総長は「思いやりと慈悲心」を訴え、ドイツのメルケル首相は「移動の自由は欧州の基本原則の1つ」だと述べ、難民や移民を擁護した。フランスのバルス首相は、「亡命の権利がいずれの場所においても尊重されるようにするのが、われわれ全員の責任だ」と言明した。

それができないのであれば、移動の自由などは船と一緒に沈めるしかない。[2日 ロイター]

*筆者はジャーナリストで、戦争に関する著書も複数ある。ウェブサイト「MigrantReport.org」の発行人で、民間団体「マイグラント・オフショア・エイドステーション(MOAS)」の戦略アドバイザーも務める。

*本コラムは筆者の個人的見解に基づいて書かれています。

*このドキュメントにおけるニュース、取引価格、データ及びその他の情報などのコンテンツはあくまでも利用者の個人使用のみのためにロイターのコラムニストによって提供されているものであって、商用目的のために提供されているものではありません。このドキュメントの当コンテンツは、投資活動を勧誘又は誘引するものではなく、また当コンテンツを取引又は売買を行う際の意思決定の目的で使用することは適切ではありません。当コンテンツは投資助言となる投資、税金、法律等のいかなる助言も提供せず、また、特定の金融の個別銘柄、金融投資あるいは金融商品に関するいかなる勧告もしません。このドキュメントの使用は、資格のある投資専門家の投資助言に取って代わるものではありません。ロイターはコンテンツの信頼性を確保するよう合理的な努力をしていますが、コラムニストによって提供されたいかなる見解又は意見は当該コラムニスト自身の見解や分析であって、ロイターの見解、分析ではありません。

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