北朝鮮を憎み「愛国」を叫ぶ 韓国の20代、変わる安全保障意識

約2年の徴兵期間を自ら延長し、予備役は軍復帰を志願して「軍服写真」をソーシャルメディアに投稿する。「新安保世代」の出現とも言われている。
|
Open Image Modal
Newly inducted South Korean military officers gesture during the joint commission ceremony of 6,478 new officers of the army, navy, air force and marines at the Gyeryongdae military headquarters in Gyeryong, south of Seoul, on March 12, 2015. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images)
JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images

韓国で、20代の安全保障意識が大きく変わったと指摘されている。約2年の徴兵期間を自ら延長し、予備役は軍復帰を志願して、軍服の写真をソーシャルメディアに投稿する。「新安保世代」の出現とも言われている。

韓国では1960年と1987年、大規模な民主化運動によって政権が退陣した。その大きな契機になったのが学生らのデモだった。若いほど進歩的(革新的)、そして北朝鮮との関係改善に積極的という構図は、韓国では一つの前提として語られてきたが、大きな変化が生じているととらえられている。

一因として指摘されるのが、北朝鮮との軍事的な緊張の高まりだ。特に2010年は、4月に韓国の哨戒艦「天安」が黄海で爆沈し、46人が死亡・行方不明に。韓国政府は北朝鮮の犯行と断定した。11月の延坪島砲撃事件では、北朝鮮軍が韓国軍に向かって砲弾約170発を発射、韓国の海兵隊員2人と民間人2人が死亡した。

キム・デヨン韓国国防安保フォーラム研究委員は、YTNの取材に「最大の原因は、この世代が2010年に立て続けに起きた『天安艦』事件と、延坪島砲撃事件を経験していること。他のどの世代よりも南北の対決を最も身近に感じていた世代」と話す。

Open Image Modal

2010年4月15日、黄海で引き揚げられた韓国の哨戒艦「天安」

■軍服写真にあふれる「いいね!」

8月20日に北朝鮮と韓国の砲撃戦を契機に、南北の軍事的緊張が再び高まると、ソーシャルメディア上で「軍服写真」を投稿する人が出始めた。

22歳の予備役というネットユーザーは、ソーシャルメディアに「国家のために命を捧げる覚悟はできています。命令を下してください。待機しています」という文章とともに、自分の軍服の写真を投稿した。この投稿には8月23日現在、2,000人以上が「いいね!」を押している。このほか「命令待機中だから呼んでさえくれればいい」という文章や軍服、軍靴、(軍人が身元識別のため常時携帯する)識別タグなどを撮ったり、着用したりした写真を上げた予備役軍人も多かったと、韓国日報は伝えている。

■徴兵期間を自ら延長

Open Image Modal

この時期、約2年の徴兵期間を延長するよう、自ら申し出た人が88人いた。

朝鮮日報によると、彼らの平均年齢は21.7歳、2010年の天安艦沈没事件と延坪島砲撃事件の頃に中学生や高校生だった世代で「2つの事件をきっかけに、北朝鮮を『主敵』と明確に認識するようになった」と報道した。

企業も徴兵期間の延長を志願した兵士に、優先採用などの特典を提供することを明らかにした。大手財閥のSKはチェ・テウォン会長が、優先的に採用することを検討していると説明した。「徴兵期間の延長を志願した兵士が見せてくれた情熱と覇気は、韓国の未来と経済の発展に最も重要なDNAになるだろう」と述べ「韓国社会と企業は、このような精神を評価しなければならない」と語った

また、 聯合ニュースによると、韓国中堅企業連合会(中堅連)は最近、徴兵期間の延長を志願した兵士たちの就職を支援すると25日、明らかにした。中堅連は国防部の協力を得て、希望と適性を判断して優良企業に積極的に就職を斡旋する計画だ。

■20代の78.9%が「戦争になれば参戦する」

20代の安全保障意識は最近、毎年高まっている。国民安全庁の調査によれば、その数値は30代よりも高い。

2015年6月、国民1000人を対象にした韓国人の安全保障意識の調査で「戦争になったら参戦、あるいは支援活動に参加する意思があるか」という質問に、20代以下(19〜29歳)の78.9%が「ある」と答え、30代(72.1%)よりも高い数値を示した。前回2010年の調査では、「ある」と答えた20代は69%で、30代の回答(81.1%)より12.1%低かった。(8月26日、朝鮮日報

国家報勲処が国民1000人を対象に実施した「2014年の愛国意識調査」(11月18〜24日)で、韓国の安全保障水準を「深刻だ」と答えた20代は65.9%。30代(57.2%)と40代(57.3%)よりも高い数値だった。

■イルベ、「従北」への嫌悪感、そして「ろうそく世代」の保守化

Open Image Modal

韓国では北朝鮮との融和を主張する人々を、保守勢力が「従北」(親北朝鮮)として糾弾する傾向が強まっており、「従北」を嫌う保守主義的な北朝鮮観が定着しているとの分析もある。ク・ジョンウ成均館大学社会学科教授は、通信社「ニュース1」の取材にこう語った。

「最同年代の兵士が地雷で足を失う状況を目の当たりにして、また、北朝鮮と対立している国家的な危機を経験し、自ら軍に残るという決定を下したのだ。(中略)特定のインターネットサイトなどを中心に、若者の間で「従北」に反対する保守主義が定着した可能性がある。このような保守主義が、朴槿恵政権下で浮上している民族主義的、愛国主義的な感情と結びつき、自ら徴兵期間を延長する兵士が出ているのだ」

ク教授が言う「特定のサイト」とは「日刊(イルガン)ベスト」、略称「イルベ」と推定される。「イルベ」の1日平均の利用者数は100万人を超える。特にイルベが打ち出す「従北」への嫌悪が娯楽として消費され、10〜20代の「アンチ従北」意識の固定化にある程度寄与しているとみられる。

ニールセン・コリアのインターネット調査によると、極右サイト「日刊ベスト貯蔵所」(イルベ)の2015年4月のモバイル利用者数は、約173万人で8位だった。利用者の年齢を考慮すると、10〜20代の間では、もっと高い順位と推定される。

韓国では2000年代後半に、アメリカ産牛肉の輸入など、政府の方針に反対する大規模なデモが多発した。夜間にろうそくを持って集まるデモの時代に20代だった世代を「ろうそく世代」と呼ぶが、この世代の意識が保守化しているという指摘もある。

Open Image Modal

2008年6月10日、韓国・ソウルで、アメリカ産牛肉の輸入反対と、李明博大統領の辞任を求めデモをする人々

ネイル新聞が有権者1600人を対象に実施した「2015年有権者意識調査」(2014年12月19日〜23日調査)では、「北朝鮮との協力を強化しなければならない」という意見(75.0%)が全年代で多数を占めたが、ろうそく世代の40%近くが「反対」し、朴正熙大統領の軍事独裁を経験した「維新体制世代」(55〜64歳)や、その上の「維新前世代」(65歳以上)よりも強硬な態度をみせた。

ソ・ボッキョン西江現代政治研究所研究委員は、ネイル新聞のインタビューに「これは20代が保守化した」のではなく、北朝鮮に関する質問が、20代の理念を評価する基準として、もはや有効ではない」と説明した。

イ・ジホ西江現代政治研究所常任研究委員は1月5日、ネイル新聞の専門家コラムで「20代、30代は決して一枚岩ではなかった。若いほど進歩的、年配になるほど保守的という従来のパターンが消えた。20代後半は30代より保守的であり、30代後半は全年齢を通じて最も進歩的と見られるケースもあった」と明らかにした。

イ氏は、ろうそく世代について「彼らは、世界経済を揺るがした金融危機を経験しながら、低成長と二極化の構造を経験している。雇用不足で非正規職と若年失業を経験し、社会的に追い詰められている世代」として「ろうそく世代は、若い世代の中で最も保守的と判明した。過去5年間、各種の選挙資料で、20代が30代よりも保守的と分析された背景には、20代後半の保守化があったからではないか」と分析した。

この記事はハフポスト韓国版に掲載されたものを翻訳、加筆しました。

この記事を巡る韓国社会の背景について、ハフィントンポスト韓国版のキム・ドフン編集長(40)に聞いた。(聞き手:ハフィントンポスト日本版ニュースエディター・吉野太一郎)

――まず、徴兵期間の延長や「国家のために命を捧げる覚悟はできています」という声は、本心なのでしょうか? 私の知る限り、私の周囲で韓国人の男性に話を聞くと、ほぼ全員が徴兵を苦痛と感じていて「1日も早く終わらせたかった」と言いますが、社会的な圧力という理由もあるのではないですか?

実は、まさにそこが、この記事を配信した理由です。私が大学生だったとき、北朝鮮の潜水艦が日本海で発見されたことがありましたが、そのときの雰囲気(つまり、今の30代半ばから40代前半)は「どうか戦争だけは起きないでくれ、1日も早く兵役期間を終わらせたい」という意見が圧倒的でした。しかし、今の韓国の20代は、不思議なほどに「愛国主義」を叫び、北朝鮮への反発が高いのです。社会的な圧力による兵役期間の延長ではないという点が、今の20代の最も独特な部分で、韓国メディアも関心を持って受け止めている現象の一つです。

――記事では朝鮮日報を引用していますが、北朝鮮と韓国の緊張が高まったときは「我々国民に何があっても、今度こそは北朝鮮に引きずられる悪循環を断ち切ると決心し、不便と犠牲を覚悟すれば、北の挑発をここで終わらせることができる」(2015年8月21日付社説)と主張しました。保守系メディアは、戦争への犠牲を求める社会的な雰囲気を作り出そうとして、こういった報道をしているのではないですか?

朝鮮日報は実際、そういう部分がなくはないですね。ただ、実は朝鮮日報がここ数年、重点的に報道しているのは「統一」についてであり、これは著しく右翼的な傾向にはなっていません。ハンギョレも「しかし軍当局がこの事実を積極的に広報することで、他の兵士にも不要な負担を与えるのではないかとの指摘もある」と簡単に書いてはありますが、全体として自発的意思による異例の兵役延長という点が特異な現象と言えます。ハフポスト韓国版のフェイスブックページでも、およそ8割がこの兵士たちを支持する意見でした。他の韓国メディアに比べてバランスの取れた意見が多いのが、ハフポスト韓国版のFBの特徴ですが、それを考慮しても興味深い現象です。

――2000年代後半に盛んに政権批判のデモを繰り広げた「ろうそく世代」が、なぜここまで保守的になるのでしょうか。

今の20代後半は「ろうそくデモ」に積極的に参加しましたが、デモで成し遂げたものがほとんどないという挫折を経験した世代でもあります。1980年代の民主化運動を経験した世代は、デモで民主主義を勝ち取ったという自信を持っているのに対し、「ろうそく世代」は、デモで世の中は事実上何も変わらなかったという失望感にとらわれているのです。同時に、今の20代は韓国の歴史上最悪の就職難と不景気に苦しんでいる世代です。20代前半にデモに参加していたときは学生でしたが、本格的に社会に進出してからは激しい社会的、経済的な壁に気づいたのです。そこでむしろ、思想的に急激に左から右に転向したと見ることができます。

1987年6月18日、民主化を求める韓国のデモ

――韓国は学生運動が盛んな国というイメージがありましたが、今はどうなのですか。

韓国の学生運動は今、ほとんど消滅したも同然です。かつて「運動圏」と言われた学生運動家たちの勢力はほぼありません。韓国の大学は今、政治的な発言や力が急激に縮小しました。これも、大学を出ても就職口のない今の20代の経済的な状況と関係があるでしょう。

関連記事

韓国のデモ・民主化運動
1960(01 of95)
Open Image Modal
Some 1,000 college students attacked the houses of two American missionaries and seriously damaged them. The incident occurred while the students of Yonsei University of Seoul were demonstrating against Rev. Charles A. Sauer, chairman of the universityâs board of directors, and Horace G. Underwood, acting President of the university. For what the called a dictatorial. Students knock down barbed wire barricade as they break into Rev. Sauerâs home during attack on Wednesday, Nov. 16, 1960. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(02 of95)
Open Image Modal
Some 600 celibate Buddhist monks staged a demonstration and paraded through Seoul, South Korea, denouncing the attempt by married monks to regain control of Korean Buddhist temples on Nov. 19, 1960. During the regime of ousted Syngman Rhee, the unmarried monks, with government support, defeated the married monks in a contest for power. The banner reads: Buddhism prohibits monksâ marriage.(AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(03 of95)
Open Image Modal
The Seoul police fired warning shots and threw tear gas shells for the first time since the April Revolution to disperse some 1,000 student demonstrators of Yonsei University in Seoul demanding the release of fellow students arrested after a rectous attack on the homes of two American University officials. The students clashed with an equal number of police while marching toward two downtown police stations where 56 students were held in custody on charges of trespassing and damage to property and held them for questioning on Thursday, Nov. 19, 1960. Police fired four rounds over the students heads and exploded tear gas shells when the students attempted to break through the police lines. It was reported, however, one was reported injured by gun bullets and at least 20 students were injured by police clubs during the scuffles. Police escorting an arrested student. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(04 of95)
Open Image Modal
A group of gas-masked riot police uses clubs to beat a student demonstrator in Seoul during a scuffle between them on Sunday, April 20, 1964. It was the fourth consecutive day in Seoul where students staged demonstration against early conclusion of years-old Korea-Japan normalization talks. Police used tear gas shells to quell demonstrators for the first time since the 1960 student demonstration which toppled the Syngman Rhee government. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil ) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(05 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean youths crowd around toppled statue of President Syngman Rhee in Seoul on April 26, 1960, after student demonstration. Jubilant crowds roamed the streets after the 85-year-old Rheeâs offer to resign the presidency and hold new elections. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(06 of95)
Open Image Modal
Soldiers walk in front of demonstrators to maintain order in Seoul, South Korea on April 26, 1960. Later the anti-government demonstrations turned to rejoicing with the announcement that President Syngman Rhee had offered to resign if the people wanted him to do so. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(07 of95)
Open Image Modal
Students demonstrating in Seoul, South Korea carefully fold large silken U.S. flag before handing it to Associated Press staff photographer Hal Buell during rioting in the South Korean capital on April 25, 1960. The demonstrators spared the flag while attacking and pillaging the home of Lee Ki-Poong, President Rheeâs vice presidential running mate in the disputed on March 15 elections. (AP Photo/Hal Buell) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(08 of95)
Open Image Modal
Flames consume a police station in Seoul, South Korea on April 26, 1960 as demonstrators watch a continuation of anti-government riots which threaten to topple President Syngman Rheeâs government. Six students were killed when police tried to repel the attack on the station. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(09 of95)
Open Image Modal
A speaker speaks before a crowd of demonstrators outside the home of Vice-President Lee Ki Poong, in Seoul, South Korea, on April 25, 1960, when new violence erupted in the city. Three demonstrators were killed and seven injured when troops opened fire on a mob outside Lee\'s house. The crowds accused him of rigging the election that returned President Syngman Rhee to power for a fourth term and put Lee in office as Vice-President. Lee his wife and two sons later committed suicide in a suicide pact in a bungalow in the grounds of the presidential mansion. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(10 of95)
Open Image Modal
Some 200 college professors representing 27 colleges, march along a Seoul street, in South Korea, on April 25, 1960, after a meeting at the Seoul University. The professors expressed embarrassment that they had left it to their students to lead the movement against what they considered misrule by President Sungman Rhee. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(11 of95)
Open Image Modal
Residents of Seoul gathered outside newspaper building reach for copies of extras being thrown from windows on April 21, 1960. Papers carried latest figures on death toll and names of victims of disorders that broke out in the South Korean capital on April 19. The resignation of the cabinet was announced in the papers. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(12 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean woman throws herself to ground at Seoulâs severance hospital after identifying body of her son on April 21, 1960. The boy was one of victims of rioting which protested elections that returned President Rhee to power. Reported death toll approached 150. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(13 of95)
Open Image Modal
A Korean army tank stands guard in a main street in Seoul, South Korea on April 20, 1960, after the bloody rioting which erupted the previous day. Tanks and troops moved into the city when martial law was declared after violent clashes between police and demonstrators who were protesting the alleged rigging of the elections on March 15, that returned President Syngman Rhee to power. More than 100 persons were reported to have been killed in the bloody rioting when police opened fire. Hundreds more were injured. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(14 of95)
Open Image Modal
Two Korean women walk past one of South Korean army tanks stationed inside barricade forming protective ring around President Syngman Rhee?s residence in Seoul on April 20, 1960. With city under martial law, order has been restored after two days of bloody rioting. South Korean demonstrators had been protesting alleged undemocratic practices in the march presidential elections. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(15 of95)
Open Image Modal
A jet of water is turned on South Korean students in Seoul, South Korea, on April 19, 1960, as police attempted to disperse the demonstrators. The demonstration was against alleged rigging of the March elections that returned President Syngman Rhee to power. Thousands of demonstrators marched on the Presidential palace and after a day of bloody rioting, martial law was declared and tanks and troops entered the city. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(16 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean students gather outside a large building in Seoul, South Korea, on April 19, 1960, in a demonstration against alleged rigging of the March elections that returned President Syngman Rhee to power. Thousands of demonstrators marched on the Presidential palace and after a day of bloody rioting, martial law was declared and tanks and troops entered the city. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(17 of95)
Open Image Modal
Tear gas used to hold back demonstrating South Korean students, foreground, blows back towards the police on the far side of the barricade in a street in Seoul, South Korea, on April 19, 1960. Martial law was declared in the capital after a day of bloody rioting and near insurrection, growing out of the charges that President Syngman Rhee\'s party rigged the recent elections. More than 100 were killed and hundreds more injured in the riots. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(18 of95)
Open Image Modal
These are three South Korean newspapers for Wednesday, April 20, which show crude censoring by officials shown April 19, 1960. The government clamped martial law on parts of the county in wake of violent riots against elections of March 15. Two photos have been blanked out of the English language âKorea Timesâ (black spaces with white streaks). Also the paperâs headline has had words deleted out of the second and third lines. A Korean language paper at upper left has black spaces where two photos were printed. In the paper at the bottom, three characters in the banner headline were deleted (white spots). (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(19 of95)
Open Image Modal
Korean University students march along a street in Seoul, South Korea, on April 9, 1960, in an anti-government demonstration. In riots that rocked the government of President Syngman Rhee, more than 100 people were killed in clashed between civilian demonstrators and police. Hundreds more were injured. The demonstrations were protesting at the alleged rigging of the recent Korean elections which returned President Rhee and his party to office. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(20 of95)
Open Image Modal
Students in South Korea capital of Seoul use shield to defy attempts to disperse them with fire hoses on April 19, 1960. Students were protesting manner in which recent election was managed. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(21 of95)
Open Image Modal
Students by the thousands hurled rocks and slogans at the police in three South Korean cities, Monday, April 18, 1960 in defiance of a government ban on demonstrations. At least a dozen persons were reported injured in sporadic scuffles between police and students in Seoul, capital of South Korea, Pusan and Chongju. The unbroken wave of anti-governemnt demonstrations, now in its second week, posed a growing crisis for President Syngman Rheeâs government, which the students accused of rigging the March 15 presidential elections Line of policemen, back to camera, awaiting crowd of running demonstrators. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(22 of95)
Open Image Modal
Seoul police grab man during demonstration on March 16, 1960, in front of central headquarters of Democratic Party protesting results of South Korean national elections. The day before, Syngman Rhee was re-elected president of South Korea. Some 300 persons clashed with police during the demonstration. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1960(23 of95)
Open Image Modal
A South Korean policeman swings club in Seoul on March 16, 1960, during demonstration in front of central headquarters of Democratic Party protesting results of the national election. The day before Syngman Rhee was re-elected president of the republic. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(24 of95)
Open Image Modal
Student demonstrators watch a police vehicle burn near Seoul\'s South Gate on Thursday, May 15, 1980. More than 50,000 university students continued anti-government demonstration for the third straight day. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(25 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(26 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(27 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(28 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(29 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(30 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(31 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(32 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mass students demonstrators demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-Hwan, May. 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(33 of95)
Open Image Modal
Street scene of Seoul\'s South Gate Friday morning May 16, 1980, where more than 50,000 university students battled with riot police Thursday afternoon killing one policeman. Anti-government student demonstrators demand lifting of martial law. (AP Photo/KCK) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(34 of95)
Open Image Modal
Cars burn on the streets of Kwangju, South Korea, May 19, 1980, as anti-government demonstrators protest, background. (AP Photo) (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(35 of95)
Open Image Modal
Anti-government demonstrators burn cars on the street of Kwangju, a provincial capital some 250 kilometers south of Seoul, during demonstration on Monday, May 19, 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(36 of95)
Open Image Modal
Student demonstrators watch a police vehicle burn near Seoul\'s South Gate on Thursday, May 15, 1980. More than 50,000 university students continued anti-government demonstration for the third straight day. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(37 of95)
Open Image Modal
Street scene of Seoul\'s South Gate Friday morning May 16, 1980, where more than 50,000 university students battled with riot police Thursday afternoon killing one policeman. Anti-government student demonstrators demand lifting of martial law. (AP Photo/KCK) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(38 of95)
Open Image Modal
Cars burn on the streets of Kwangju, South Korea, May 19, 1980, as anti-government demonstrators protest, background. (AP Photo) (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(39 of95)
Open Image Modal
Anti-government demonstrators burn cars on the street of Kwangju, a provincial capital some 250 kilometers south of Seoul, during demonstration on Monday, May 19, 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(40 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean troops disperse anti-government demonstration on street in Kwangju, some 250 km south of Seoul Monday, May 20, 1980. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(41 of95)
Open Image Modal
Army paratroops called into this provincial capital after violent anti-government demonstrations force a group of men to kneel and strip Monday May 20, 1980. Some 500 to 800 persons were arrested in the two days of protests Sunday and Monday. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(42 of95)
Open Image Modal
Army paratroops seat a group of anti-demonstrators Monday May 20, 1980 with riot sticks. Some 500 to 800 persons were arrested in the demonstrations in this provincial capital 250 km south of Swoul. Many were injured and sources said at least two persons died. (AP Photo/KCK) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(43 of95)
Open Image Modal
Army paratroopers arrest demonstrators Monday May 20, 1980 in this provincial capitol following violent anti-government demonstrations. In lower left foreground, a soldiers kicks one of the 500 to 800 perons arrested. Sources said two demonstrators died of injuries. (AP Photo/KCK) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(44 of95)
Open Image Modal
Anti-government demonstrators in Kwangju Monday May 20, 1980 set fire to cars on street during demonstration. (AP Photo/KCK) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(45 of95)
Open Image Modal
A helmeted army paratroops clubs man arredted during violent anti-government demonstrations Monday this provincial capital, May 20, 1980. Up to 800 persons were arrested, and forces said two demonstrators died of injuries. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(46 of95)
Open Image Modal
韓国の国旗を掲げ、「民族民主化大集会」参加のため校門を出た全南大学の教授ら。後ろから学生らが続き、民主化を求めるスローガンを叫んでいる (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(47 of95)
Open Image Modal
全羅南道庁前の広場。噴水を中心に2万人以上の市民と学生が集まり「民族民主化大集会」を開いた。 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(48 of95)
Open Image Modal
全南大学の正門前で機動隊と向かい合う学生デモ隊 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(49 of95)
Open Image Modal
棍棒で無抵抗の学生を叩く衛生兵 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(50 of95)
Open Image Modal
空挺部隊に棍棒で頭を叩かれ、血を流して連行される若い夫婦 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(51 of95)
Open Image Modal
警察がデモ隊に押され始めると、光州中心部に戒厳軍が再投入された (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(52 of95)
Open Image Modal
1980年5月19日午後3時ごろ、戒厳軍は光州市東部の錦南路に投入され、市内の全地域に配置された。 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(53 of95)
Open Image Modal
5月20日午後7時、光州市内の各地で空挺部隊の残虐行為を目撃したタクシー運転手による、約200台のタクシーデモが始まった。走りながらクラクションを鳴らして市民側を鼓舞した (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(54 of95)
Open Image Modal
戒厳令撤廃を求める市民が、光州市東部の錦南路にあるカトリックセンターの前で空挺部隊や警察と向かい合っている。 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(55 of95)
Open Image Modal
デモ隊は郷土予備軍の武器を奪取して武装し「市民軍」となった。トラックの荷台に乗って走る「市民軍」に、沿道で市民が拍手をしている (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(56 of95)
Open Image Modal
光州市内の各地で見られた、炊き出しで市民軍を支援する女性 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(57 of95)
Open Image Modal
光州市内の病院が負傷者で溢れ、血液が不足したとの情報を聞き、多くの市民が献血に訪れた (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(58 of95)
Open Image Modal
事件当時の光州市内。市内は事実上、無政府状態に陥ったが、光州市民は自発的に秩序を守り、困難を打開するため知恵を絞っていた (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(59 of95)
Open Image Modal
全羅南道庁前の広場は、情報を求める市民で埋め尽くされた。抗争指導部は「民主守護市民決起大会」を開き、事態を市民に知らせた (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(60 of95)
Open Image Modal
光州市内に再度投入された戒厳軍 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(61 of95)
Open Image Modal
1980年5月29日、光州市北東部で執り行われた129人の葬儀。当時は政府の情報統制により「暴徒」と規定された (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(62 of95)
Open Image Modal
ドイツのシュピーゲル誌に掲載された、光州事件で死んだ父の遺影を持つ幼児の写真 (credit:5.18記念財団)
1980(63 of95)
Open Image Modal
The body of a man killed in anti-government rioting in this provincial capital is draped by a Korean National flag by demonstrators, May 22, 1980. At least 24 persons died in four days of fighting that the protestors in a most complete control of the day. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1980(64 of95)
Open Image Modal
Families and relatives gather around the coffins of dead protesters at provincial headquaters of Kwangju, South Korea, May 23, 1980, some 250 kilometers south of Seoul. About 65 people were killed during anti-government protests. (AP Photo/KCK) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(65 of95)
Open Image Modal
Lines of helmeted riot police block the way as students carrying anti-government banners trying to march out of Myungdong Cathedral, in Seoul, on May 17, 1987, following a memorial service to mark the 1980 anti-government uprising in Kwangju. Police used tear gas and charged the students after the protestors began hurling rocks and sticks. (AP Photo/Mikami) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(66 of95)
Open Image Modal
An anti-government protester, sits dazed in a street in the center of Seoul on June 13, 1987, after he was grabbed by riot police during street battles in the South Korean capital. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(67 of95)
Open Image Modal
Riot police retstrain an anti-government protestor as they try to disperse crowds who gathered at Myongdong Catholic Cathedral in Seoul, South Korea on June 14, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(68 of95)
Open Image Modal
Riot police stand over an anti-government protestor as they try to disperse crowds who gathered at Myongdong Catholic Cathedral in Seoul, South Korea on June 14, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(69 of95)
Open Image Modal
A south Korean woman hands flowers to a riot policeman near Myongdong Catholic Cathedral in Seoul on June 14, 1987, on the fifth day of protests against the government of President Chun Doo-Hwan, unseen. Along with several others the woman appealed to the police not to use tear gas against demonstrators. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(70 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean students and riot policeman duel with wooden sticks during an anti-government demonstration in Seoulâs Yonsei University on June 15, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(71 of95)
Open Image Modal
Anti-government protesters stating a sit-down strike in the center of Seoul on June 14, 1987, scatter in panic as tear gas grenades, hurled by police, explode. Police repeatedly broke up demonstrations in the city center for a fourth day. (AP Photo/ Itsuo Inouye) (credit:AP)
1987(72 of95)
Open Image Modal
A South Korean student poised to throw a gasoline bottle bomb at shielded and helmeted ranks of riot police in Seoul, South Korea on June 15, 1987, during a violent clash at Yonsei University, one of Seoulâs leading schools. The violence occurred as thousands of students staged anti-government demonstrations in the capital and provincial cities. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(73 of95)
Open Image Modal
Radical students are dispersed by tear gas launched by riot police at Seoul\'s Yonsei University, South Korea, on Sept. 4, 1987, where some 500 anti-government students and riot police staged firebomb-tear gas battle. (AP Photo/Jim Palmer) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(74 of95)
Open Image Modal
A South Korean youth smashes the window of a police bus parked as a barricade at the gate of the municipal government building as a large number of students try to force their way into the compound during a mass rally In Kwangju, 165 miles south of Seoul, on July 9, 1987. (AP Photo/Sato (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(75 of95)
Open Image Modal
Students at the University in Seoul, South Korea have their faces covered with masks as protection against teargas as they hurl rocks and bottle bombs at riot police during anti-government demonstrations on June 19, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(76 of95)
Open Image Modal
Students at the University in Seoul, South Korea have their faces covered with masks as protection against teargas as they hurl rocks and bottle bombs at riot police during anti-government demonstrations on June 19, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(77 of95)
Open Image Modal
Students at the University in Seoul, South Korea have their faces covered with masks as protection against teargas as they hurl rocks and bottle bombs at riot police during anti-government demonstrations on June 19, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(78 of95)
Open Image Modal
Student demonstrators chant anti government slogans during one of the many rallies protesting the Chun Doo-hwan government on June 18, 1987, in Seoul. (AP Photo/ Itsuo Inouye) (credit:AP)
1987(79 of95)
Open Image Modal
Seoul riot police kneel to rock-wielding students during \'anti-teargas day\' demonstrations on June 18, 1987, in Seoul. (AP Photo) (credit:AP)
1987(80 of95)
Open Image Modal
Riot police stand amid flames from a bottle bomb thrown by rioting students during an anti government protest in Seoul, South Korea on Thursday, June 18, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(81 of95)
Open Image Modal
Riot police stand hold up shields during an anti government protest by students in Seoul, South Korea on Thursday, June 18, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(82 of95)
Open Image Modal
Riot police stand amid flames from a bottle bomb thrown by rioting students during an anti government protest in Seoul, South Korea on Thursday, June 18, 1987. (AP Photo) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
1987(83 of95)
Open Image Modal
FILE - In this June 15, 1987 file picture, a South Korean student sprays a flaming aerosol can as riot police respond with a fire extinguisher during an anti-government demonstration at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea. In 1987, military rule in Sough Korea ended with a direct presidential election. For almost 40 years, Freedom House think tank\'s New York researchers have annually assessed the state of democracy and associated freedoms, classifying nations in three categories _ free, partly free or not free. Almost half the world\'s nations were rated not free in 1972, but by 2010 that proportion had dropped below one-quarter. (AP Photo/Itsuo Inouye, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(84 of95)
Open Image Modal
Mourners hold portraits of former South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun during a memorial rally marking the first anniversary of his death in front of Seoul City Hall in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, May 23, 2010. Roh, who served as president from 2003-2008, leaped to his death from a cliff behind his home village on the south coast amid a mounting prosecution probe into allegations that his family accepted a large amount of money from a businessman jailed on bribery charges. The letters read \" Roh Moo-hyun.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(85 of95)
Open Image Modal
Roman Catholics and protesters hold a candlelight vigil during a special service as part of protests against the South Korean government\'s policy toward US beef imports in front of the Seoul City Hall in Seoul on June 30, 2008. South Korean police on June 30 took a harder line against protests over US beef imports which have disrupted the capital for weeks, raiding the offices of civic groups and detaining 148 people. The country\'s top prosecutor said the candlelit protests, originally sparked by fears of cow disease, have been hijacked by violent radicals. AFP PHOTO/KIM JAE-HWAN (Photo credit should read KIM JAE-HWAN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:KIM JAE-HWAN via Getty Images)
2008(86 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean protesters shout slogans during a candlelight rally against U.S. beef imports in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, June 13, 2008. South Korea\'s top trade official departed Friday for the U.S. for talks on beef shipments aimed at defusing public outrage over health concerns, while truckers went on strike in a fresh challenge for President Lee Myung-bak\'s young government. The banner read \" Out, President Lee Myung-bak.\" (AP Photo/ Lee Jin-man) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(87 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean protesters shout slogans during a candlelight rally against U.S. beef imports in Seoul, South Korea, Saturday, June 14, 2008. Striking truck drivers in South Korea threatened Saturday to block the country\'s largest port to protest surging fuel prices, deepening the woes of the government, already reeling from public outrage over the resumption of U.S. beef imports. (AP Photo/ Lee Jin-man) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(88 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean students shout slogans during a candlelight rally against U.S. beef imports in Seoul, South Korea, Saturday, June 14, 2008. Striking truck drivers in South Korea threatened Saturday to block the country\'s largest port to protest surging fuel prices, deepening the woes of the government, already reeling from public outrage over the resumption of U.S. beef imports. (AP Photo/ Lee Jin-man) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(89 of95)
Open Image Modal
A South Korean boy, wearing glowing plastic toy cow horns, listens to protest music at a rally against U.S. beef imports in downtown Seoul on Saturday June 14, 2008. (AP Photo/David Guttenfelder) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(90 of95)
Open Image Modal
Thousands of protesters shout a slogan during a candlelight rally against U.S. beef imports in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, June 20, 2008. South Korean President Lee Myung-bak replaced his top advisers Friday in a bid to soothe public outrage over plans to resume U.S. beef imports, while Seoul and Washington officials said they were near a resolution to the dispute. The letters on the cards read \"Out President Lee Myung-bak.\" (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(91 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean protesters hold candles during an anti-government candlelight rally against U.S. beef imports in Seoul, South Korea, Saturday, June 21, 2008. All U.S. beef exported to South Korea will come from cattle less than 30 months old, officials said Saturday, in a deal made to placate South Korean protesters worried about mad cow disease. (AP Photo/ Lee Jin-man) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(92 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean protesters stage a candlelight rally against U.S. beef imports in Seoul, South Korea, Saturday, June 21, 2008. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(93 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean protesters attend a rally protesting against government\'s policy on US beef imports in front of the City Hall in Seoul on July 5, 2008. Tens of thousand of South Koreans too part in the protest calling for the scrapping of US beef imports and the resignation of President Lee Myung-Bak in the latest of a series of mass protests stretching back more than two months.AFP PHOTO/JEON HYEONG-JIN (Photo credit should read JEON HYEONG-JIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)
2008(94 of95)
Open Image Modal
South Korean riot police officers spray water cannons as police officers try to break up protesters who try to march to the Presidential House after a candlelight rally against U.S. imported beef, in Seoul, South Korea, early Sunday, June 29, 2008. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice told a news conference on Saturday \"I want to assure everyone that American beef is safe,\" but South Korea\'s Foreign Minister, Yu Myung-hwan said the beef issue probably would not go away quickly. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
2008(95 of95)
Open Image Modal
Thousands of South Korean Christians and conservative activists shout slogans and wave banners as they take part in a rally at a park in Seoul on August 5, 2008, to welcome US President George W. Bush. The rally which called for a strong alliance between the two countries comes hours before Bush\'s arrival for a summit with South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak. AFP PHOTO/JEON HYEONG-JIN (Photo credit should read JEON HYEONG-JIN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:AFP via Getty Images)