中絶規制のテキサス州法、アメリカ最高裁が違憲と判断 ヒラリー・クリントン氏「州と全米の女性の勝利」

「最高裁の判決はテキサス州と全米の女性の勝利です」
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Abortion rights activists, from left, Ravina Daphtary of Philadelphia, Morgan Hopkins of Boston, and Alison Turkos of New York City, rejoice in front of the Supreme Court in Washington, Monday, June 27, 2016, as the justices struck down the strict Texas anti-abortion restriction law known as HB2. Other cases are to follow on guns, and public corruption. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
ASSOCIATED PRESS

アメリカの連邦最高裁は6月27日、女性の妊娠中絶を制限するテキサス州の州法を8人の判事が審理した結果、5対3で無効との判断を下した。

人工妊娠中絶をめぐっては、1973年に妊娠中絶の権利を保証し、中絶を規制する法律を違憲とする「ロー対ウェイド判決」が確定している。

テキサス州の妊娠制限州法(HB2)は2013年に議会を通過した。現在まで残っている中絶医療施設について、廊下の幅や空調といった設備を大型の医療機関並みにし、中絶を担当する医師は緊急の場合、近隣の病院に受け入れ許可を得ることを義務付けるなど厳しい条件が義務付けられたため、半分が閉鎖に追い込まれ、何百万人の女性から安全に中絶する権利を取り上げられた。

完全な女性の健康」(Whole Woman’s Health)など、テキサス州内の中絶医療施設が異議を申し立てた心理による今回の判断は、妊娠中絶の権利に関する最も重要な勝利となる。各州が似たような法律をアメリカのあらゆる場所で、議会を通過させたり保護しようと悪あがきをし、「ロー対ウェイド判決」の画期的な成果を少しずつ削っていくことを狙っているからだ。

1992年に保守派と妥協した別の判決では、憲法は女性が自らの中絶する権利を保護していると規定したが、後の裁定や保守派のロビー活動により、各州は権利そのものではなく、権利を容易に行使できる中絶医療施設を狙った法規制を編み出す逃げ道を作っていた。

最高裁は2月に保守派のアントニン・スカリア判事が死去し、保守派とリベラル派の判事が4対4と真っ二つに分かれている。6月23日にはオバマ大統領が大統領権限で進めていた移民制度改革に対し、テキサス州など26の州政府が違憲として提訴していた裁判も、最高裁判事の意見が4対4に分かれて事実上移民制度改革が頓挫している

しかし今回の判決は、保守派のアンソニー・ケネディ判事が無効の判断に回り、5-3の賛成多数となった。スティーブン・ブライヤー判事は訴訟の対象となっている2つのテキサス州法は違憲であると語った。

最高裁は判決文で、「州法は、中絶に関する規制を正当化するに十分な医学上のメリットを与えるものではないと結論づけた」と述べている。「どちらの法律もそれぞれ、法的に許される中絶手術を受けようとする女性に著しい障害を課すものであり、妊娠中絶に不当な負担を加え、いずれも合衆国憲法に違反するものである」

最高裁が3月に Whole Woman’s Health に対する公聴会を開いた際、テキサス州は、州内で「妊娠中絶は合法であり、利用可能である」と主張したが、ルース・ベーダー・ギンスバーグ判事などリベラル派の判事は、HB2が女性の健康をどのように保護しているのか根拠を示すように求めた。これは最高裁が中絶に関する法令を合憲とする際の論拠となっている。

女性の健康に対する懸念を率直に認めながらも、テキサス州議会はHB2法案を可決した。すべては健康上のリスクを減らし、母体の安全を高めるという名目であった。

アメリカ大統領選で民主党の候補指名を確実にしているヒラリー・クリントン前国務長官は、「テキサス州と全米の女性の勝利」と賞賛した。

最高裁の判決はテキサス州と全米の女性の勝利です。安全な中絶は権利です。これは法律上だけでなく、現実もそうなのです。

ハフポストUS版より翻訳・加筆しました。

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