【築地市場・移転延期】進むも地獄、戻るも地獄 その揺れ続けた80年

「立ち止まって考える」ことを選んだ小池知事だが…
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築地市場。2016年8月16日撮影

東京都の小池百合子知事が8月31日、築地市場(東京都中央卸売市場)の豊洲移転の延期を表明した

外国人に人気の観光スポットでもあり、鮮魚や寿司のブランドとしても定着している築地市場は、1935年の開場以来、移転か、現地での再整備を巡って揺れてきた。歴史をたどると、移転案も再整備計画も様々な壁にぶつかって、方針変更を繰り返してきた。

「立ち止まって考える」ことを選んだ小池知事だが、「進むも地獄、戻るも地獄」の判断を迫られる。

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1934年9月7日付東京朝日新聞朝刊に掲載された、完成間近の東京都中央卸売市場築地市場。古い建物と、新しい建物が混在している

もともとは、江戸時代から続いていた魚河岸を受け継ぐ日本橋の中央市場が、1923年(大正12年)の関東大震災で焼け出され、暫定市場として海軍の土地を借りて整備されたのが始まり。1935年(昭和10年)に東京の正式な中央卸売市場となり、太平洋戦争と敗戦後の食糧難を経て、交通の便が比較的よかった築地は東京の台所として定着した。

■60~70年代、手狭になる築地市場

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1974年12月19日、タコを手に市場関係者から正月用水産物の価格状況を聞く、安倍晋三首相の父・安倍晋太郎農相(当時)。

高度経済成長で東京の人口が急増し、取扱量は急増。築地市場付近の交通渋滞も社会問題となった。木造の建物が密集して火事も頻発し、衛生面の問題も指摘された。1981年には臨海部の大井地区(現在の大田市場)に移転する構想が浮上したが、水産仲卸業者や地元関係者が強く反対。1982年に鈴木俊一知事(当時)が撤回を表明した。

■現地建て替え、着工後の頓挫(80~90年代)

その後、築地市場の営業を続けながら建物を順次、全面改築する方針を決めた。1991年に着工し、2002年度に完成する計画だったが、狭いスペースで仮設の建物を建てる工事は難航し、工期は遅れた。バブル期で建設費も高騰し、1996年には当初7階建ての予定だった市場棟が平屋に変更されるなど、計画が縮小された。

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1994年3月26日、築地市場内で火災が発生。消火に当たる消防署員ら

規模縮小や、工事の長期化で客足が落ち込むことに不安を抱いた青果商や買い出し業者は、市場自体の臨海部移転を求めるようになり、1998年4月に市場内の業界6団体が都に検討を求める要望書を出したのが、豊洲移転の発端となった。

1999年11月9日、築地市場の業界8団体でつくる「築地市場再整備推進協議会」は、8対2で移転に賛成し「速やかに移転に方向転換すべきだとの意見が大勢を占めた」とまとめた。

■豊洲移転決定、新たな迷走の始まり

2001年12月に策定された「東京都卸売市場整備計画(第7次)」で、移転計画は正式決定された。「大規模用地の確保が可能で、消費地である既成市街地の外周地域にあり、良好な交通条件」とそのメリットをあげている。

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豊洲市場の冷凍庫棟(右、ネットがかけられた建物)と水産卸売場(左)。水産卸売場ではマグロの競りが行われる。撮影日:2016年7月20日

しかし、移転候補地とされた東京ガス工場跡地からは、鉛やヒ素、シアンなど計6種類の有害物質が、環境基準の最大1500倍の濃度で検出された。東京ガスは土壌を入れ替えて順次、東京都に売却したが、2008年2月の都の再調査では、環境基準の4万3000倍に達するベンゼンが検出された。都は土壌を掘り起こして加熱処理するなどして、2014年11月に汚染対策の終了を宣言したが、大気から発がん性物質が検出されたことを受け、小池知事が再検査の意向を示している。

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民主党政権発足直後の2009年9月24日、築地から移転される予定の豊洲新市場予定地(後方)の視察に訪れた赤松広隆農林水産相(中央)(東京・江東区)

2009年の都議選では民主党(当時)が「強引な移転に反対」を掲げ、都議会第1党になった。当初は移転推進の石原慎太郎知事(当時)や自民、公明両党と対立し議会は空転。2010年には築地の再整備を再検討することになった。

しかし、都は「再整備の優位性が示されなかった」として予定通り豊洲移転の方針を崩さなかった。反対していた仲卸業者の団体が都と移転協議を始めたこともあり、民主党は移転容認に転じたが、移転関連費用を巡る予算案の採決では民主党議員に造反が相次いだ。

■業種によって分かれる賛否

青果市場は、豊洲に移転した方が温度管理や荷物の積み込みなど、作業環境が改善されるという。築地東京青果物商業協同組合の泉未紀夫理事長は朝日新聞に対し「業界をあげて準備してきたのに、足を引っ張るのはやめてほしい」「延期すれば費用負担が生じる業者も多い」と反発している。

反対意見は水産仲卸業者を中心に、土壌汚染の不安が消えないことのほか、移転先の豊洲の建物の構造を問題視している

99年の移転決議が全会一致でなかった通り、築地市場の移転は、推進派と反対派が対立しており、予定通り移転しても、最終的に断念しても、全員が納得する道はない。

■すでに5884億円を使っている

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2016年8月16日、豊洲新市場の視察で説明を受ける東京都の小池百合子知事(中央)

2001~16年度の事業費総額は約5884億円にのぼる。事業が長期化し、汚染対策にも追加費用が発生したため、2009年段階から比較しても約1568億円増えた。

一方で完全に中断した場合、すでに投じた費用が無駄になりかねず、政策の責任を問われる可能性もある。

過去2回の都知事選に出馬した元日弁連会長の宇都宮健児氏は、ハフポスト日本版とのインタビューで「既に6000億も使っているので、相当な決断が要求されますね」と述べている。

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築地市場の風景
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JAPAN-TSUKIJI/(11 of46)
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Tsukiji fish market, Kanto region, Tokyo, Japan(34 of46)
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Taretto in tsukiji fish market, Kanto region, Tokyo, Japan(37 of46)
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TOKYO, JAPAN - MAY 21: Taretto in tsukiji fish market, Kanto region, Tokyo, Japan on May 21, 2016 in Tokyo, Japan. (Photo by Eric Lafforgue/Art in All of Us/Corbis via Getty Images) (credit:Eric Lafforgue/Art in All of Us via Getty Images)
JAPAN(38 of46)
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A wholesaler hacks at the carcass of tuna after an auction at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo September 9, 2006. The market is the world\'s largest seafood wholesale market with an annual turnover of $6 billion, and nearly 3,000 tons and 450 species traded daily by auction. Tokyo\'s bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics proposes to build the media center or the athletes\' village on the site of the Tsukiji market, which the government has long tried to evict from prime real estate in central Tokyo. REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson (JAPAN) (credit:Lucy Nicholson / Reuters)
JAPAN(39 of46)
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Wholesalers prepare tuna for boxing after an auction at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo September 9, 2006. The market is the world\'s largest seafood wholesale market with an annual turnover of $6 billion, and nearly 3,000 tons and 450 species traded daily by auction. Tokyo\'s bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics proposes to build the media center or the athletes\' village on the site of the Tsukiji market, which the government has long tried to evict from prime real estate in central Tokyo. REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson (JAPAN) (credit:Lucy Nicholson / Reuters)
JAPAN(40 of46)
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JAPAN(41 of46)
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Japan Daily Life(42 of46)
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Foreign tourists pose for a photo in front of a sushi restaurant at Tsukiji fish market, one of the most popular tourist spots in Tokyo, Monday, April 14, 2014. (AP Photo/Koji Sasahara) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Daily Life(43 of46)
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Foreign tourists use chopsticks to eat grilled scallops on a bench at Tsukiji fish market, one of the famous tourists spots in Tokyo, Monday, April 14, 2014. (AP Photo/Koji Sasahara) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Tuna(44 of46)
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FILE - In this Friday, March 28, 2014 file photo, customers look at the head of a bluefin tuna in front of a sushi restaurant at Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo. The multi-nation fisheries body that monitors most of the Pacific Ocean has agreed to cut the catch of juvenile bluefin tuna to half of its average level in 2002-2004. (AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Economy(45 of46)
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Shoppers buy dry seafood at Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo, Friday, March 28, 2014. Japanese household spending fell 1.5 percent in February from a year earlier, suggesting consumers are tightening belts ahead of an April 1 hike in the country\'s sales tax. The government also reported Friday, March 28 that core consumer prices rose 1.3 percent in February, though a large share of the increase was due to rising energy costs. (AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Japan Economy(46 of46)
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FILE - In this March 28, 2014 file photo, a fruits shop clerk waits for customers at Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo. Japan\'s consumer prices rose 3.2 percent from a year earlier in April to the highest level since 1991, the government said Friday, May 30, 2014, largely due to a sales tax increase.(AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)