ウクライナ東部の編入、ロシアが狙わない可能性 クリミアとの違いは?

ロシアによるクリミア編入と現在ウクライナ東部で起きている状況には重大な違いがある。これは、ロシア政府がクリミアで採用した路線を修正し、異なる結果を追い求めている可能性を示唆している。
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Reuters

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ロシアによるクリミア編入と現在ウクライナ東部で起きている状況には重大な違いがある。これは、ロシア政府がクリミアで採用した路線を修正し、異なる結果を追い求めている可能性を示唆している。

クリミア半島には編入前から数千人規模のロシア軍が旧ソ連の海軍施設をウクライナから租借する形で駐屯していた。だが今回、ロシアはウクライナ東部に大規模な兵力を配備している形跡は乏しい。

ウクライナ東部の各都市で政府庁舎などを占拠した親ロシア派の武装勢力の一部は、自ら「ロシア人」と称しているが、彼らはウクライナ国内におけるロシア系住民の市民権についてはほとんど口にしない。

これらの武装勢力には、クリミアで行動していた部隊のような精鋭装備や練度の高さは見当たらない。

ある米国防当局者は、親ロシアの分離主義者たちはロシア軍の制服を着用しながらも軍用標章(インシグニア)を身に着けていないと指摘し、米政府はまだ彼らが何者か突き止めていないと述べた。

ロシアはウクライナ東部で何らかの影響力を行使しようとしているとしても、クリミアよりは距離を置いた姿勢であり、編入を目指してはいないかもしれない。

クリミア半島はウクライナ本土と細長い一片の土地でつながっているにすぎず、ロシア系住民が多数派だった。ウクライナの反撃を容易に封じ込めるという点や、ロシアが編入する上で地元の支持が得られる可能性がずっと大きかったことが、今回との違いだ。さらにウクライナ東部のドネツク州やルガンスク州と異なり、クリミアは1954年にウクライナに譲渡されるまで旧ソ連時代はロシア共和国に属していたという事情もある。

<ロシアは関与否定>

ロシアは、クリミアの場合と同様にウクライナの親ロシア勢力は、ウクライナ暫定政府を恐れる地元住民だと主張している。ロシア政府は、ウクライナ暫定政府にはロシア系住民を圧迫する「ファシスト」が含まれているとする一方で、親ロシア勢力に資金を提供したり、工作員やウクライナの閣僚が指摘した特殊部隊の精鋭を使って抗議行動を演出しているといった見方を否定した。

こうしたロシア側の否定や、親ロシア勢力がインシグニアを装着していないという事実は、先月のクリミア編入に対する批判をかわす上ではほとんど役に立たない。だとしても、ウクライナ東部におけるはっきりと軍事力を誇示するのは避けようとロシアが努力しているようには見受けられる。

ロシアは、国境に軍を展開さえすれば明白な軍事力の誇示ができる。しかし西側諸国の一段の反発を招きかねないそうした行動は回避したいのかもしれない。またクリミアよりも地理的状況と人口動態の両面で難しいとみられるウクライナ東部を編入したくはないだろう。

ロシア専門家によると、プーチン大統領はもっと控えめな目的を持っている可能性がある。すなわち、ウクライナ暫定政府と西側諸国に、ウクライナ東部地域の自治権拡大を付与する新憲法を受け入れさせ、ロシアの影響力後退を阻止することだ。

英国の元駐ロシア大使、トニー・ブレントン氏は、BBCに対して「ウクライナ東部は歴史的にも、編入の可能性という点でも(クリミアとは)完全に違っている。土地はずっと広く、親ロシア派はずっと少ない。ロシアが接収して保有するのはより困難になり、クリミアと同じことをやるつもりはないと確信している」と語った。

ロシアとしては、5月25日に予定されるウクライナの大領領選に影響を及ぼそうという狙いもあるだろう。

<戦術の差>

西側の軍事専門家は、ロシアはウクライナ東部で工作員を使って地元民兵を組織して目的地に向かわせ、彼らの存在が公然化する前に行動するというやり方を選ぶ可能性もあったとみている。

それでもウクライナ東部のスラビャンスクとクリミアのシンフェロポリにおける光景からは、それぞれ採用された戦術が異なることがうかがえる。

2月にシンフェロポリのクリミア自治共和国の庁舎を掌握した親ロシアの武装集団は極めて細部に至るまで統一された軍装をまとい、専門家の目にはロシア陸軍から派遣された兵士であることは一目瞭然だった。

これに対してスラビャンスクで先週政府庁舎を占拠した勢力は、多くがそろいの制服を着て訓練も行き届いているように見えたが、それでもジャケットの色など微妙な部分で服装に差があった。

[スラビャンスク(ウクライナ) 15日 ロイター]

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