アメリカが悪化させた対ロシア関係、プーチン氏の「過剰反応」要因に

過去十数年にわたる米ロ関係や現在のウクライナ危機に見られる状況は、プーチン大統領と米国との間に生じた一連の出来事が背景にある。意図的であれ無意識であれ、こうした出来事はプーチン氏の過剰反応を引き起こしてきた。
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Reuters

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過去十数年にわたる米ロ関係や現在のウクライナ危機に見られる状況は、プーチン大統領と米国との間に生じた一連の出来事が背景にある。意図的であれ無意識であれ、こうした出来事はプーチン氏の過剰反応を引き起こしてきた。

ブッシュ米大統領(当時)は2002年、東欧でのミサイル防衛システムを推進するため、旧ソ連との間で締結していた弾道弾迎撃ミサイル制限条約から離脱すると発表した。

これを受けてプーチン氏はテレビ演説で、軍縮や核不拡散の取り組みを台無しにする動きだと警告した。

現在はロシアとウクライナの国境付近に数万人規模の兵士を配置。米国が対ロシア包囲網をつくろうとしているとして、その阻止に動いている。

また専門家によると、プーチン氏は西側の民主主義に代わる選択肢として、保守的かつ超国家主義的な資本主義「プーチニズム」を推進しようとしているという。

<配慮の欠如>

米当局者らによると、イデオロギーの対立国としてソ連が崩壊した後も、ロシアが中国や他の主要国と同様に、なお外交面での配慮が必要な大国だということを認識できなかった点も問題だという。

1990年代終盤に在ロシア米大使を務めたジェームズ・F・コリンズ氏は「われわれはあまり注意を払っていたとは言えない。(二国間関係は)それほど重要視されていなかった」と語った。

プーチン氏は決して交渉しやすい相手ではない。米当局者は、プーチン氏が、独裁的な国家主義者で、歴代のロシア首脳と同様に西側への強い不信感を抱いていると指摘する。

プーチン氏は2000年の大統領就任以降、大国としてのロシア復活を目指してきた。また、自身の権力を強化し、組織的に反対意見を封じ込め、エネルギー供給を通じて近隣諸国に経済的な影響力を及ぼしてきた。

原油価格の上昇や国連安全保障理事会での拒否権を後ろ盾に、プーチン氏は米国の政策を時折妨害し、米国をいら立たせる術をマスターした。

ブッシュ・オバマ両政権の当局者らは、米国が当初、プーチン氏と協力できそうな分野について過大評価していたと指摘。過剰な自信と配慮不足に加え、時折あった不手際などで対ロ関係の悪循環を招いたとしている。

<旧ソ連国のNATO加盟>

ロシアと近隣国の関係も、2001年以降のブッシュ氏とプーチン氏の関係を悪化させた。

ブッシュ氏は2002年11月、旧ソ連のエストニア、ラトビア、リトアニアを含む東欧7カ国の北大西洋条約機構(NATO)加盟に向けた協議開始を支持。2004年には同氏が主導してこれら7カ国がNATOに加盟した。

プーチン氏をはじめとするロシア当局者は、ソ連と戦うために形成されたNATOがソ連崩壊後になぜ拡大を続けているのかと疑問を投げ掛けた。

ブッシュ政権で国家安全保障会議(NSC)のロシア局長を務めたトーマス・E・グラハム氏は、NATOに代わるとともにロシアも含めた新たな欧州安全保障システムを構築する努力がもっとなされるべきだったと指摘。

「われわれが目指すべきだったこと、そして現時点で目指すべきことは、米国、欧州、ロシアの3本の柱に基づく安全保障の仕組みだ」との見解を示した。

<共通の利害>

オバマ大統領は2008年の大統領選勝利後、対ロシア政策について包括的な見直しを行った。このとき政策策定の中心となったのが、NSCでロシア問題を担当していたマイケル・マクフォール氏だ。

同氏は最近のインタビューで、NSCが政権の外交政策における主要な目標を調査したところ、ロシアに関連したものはほとんどなかったと話す。

ロシアとの関係は他の政策目標を達成するうえで重要と見なされていたが、ロシア自体に関するものではなかったという。

オバマ政権は新たな対ロシア政策を策定。「リセット」と呼ばれる同政策の実施に向けてオバマ氏は2009年7月、ロシアを訪問した。

「リセット」は当初順調だった。オバマ氏の訪ロに当たり、ロシアは同国経由で米国がアフガニスタンに軍物資を輸送する能力を大幅に拡大することに合意。2010年4月には両国は新戦略兵器削減条約(新START)に署名した。また同年、ロシアは国連の新たな対イラン経済制裁も支持した。

だが、専門家はこうした最初の2年間の「蜜月」について、オバマ政権が核兵器削減やテロ対策、核不拡散など両国に共通する利害に焦点を当てた結果だと指摘する。

ブッシュ政権時代に緊張が高まった民主主義やロシア近隣諸国をめぐる問題はほとんど解決されないまま残った。

<ロシアの軟化>

米専門家らは、ロシアに対する新たな長期的戦略を打ち出すことが米国にとって極めて重要だと指摘する。それは現在の危機をめぐってプーチン氏を責めるものでない必要があるという。

ウィルソン・センターのロシア専門家、マシュー・ロジャンスキー氏は「プーチン氏はロシアを映す鏡だ。プーチン氏が去り、ロシアの態度が急に軟化するといった妙な考えは誤りだ」と語る。

マトロック元駐ソ米大使も、米国の不注意な行動とそれに続くロシアの過剰反応という破壊的なパターンに両国が終止符を打つことが重要と指摘。「二国間関係の問題には軽率な米国の行動に関連したものが非常に多い。多くの場合、それらはロシアに打撃を与えることを目的としたものではないが、ロシアの反応はたいてい敵意を増幅し、過剰になっている」と述べた。[ワシントン/ニューヨーク 18日 ロイター]

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