同性愛は生物学的に進化してきた? 人間の絆を保ち、深める手助けに(研究結果)

科学者は長い間、同性愛という難問に挑んできた。なぜなら同性愛は、人類は生殖へと駆り立てられるという根本原則に一致しないからだ。
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科学者は長い間、同性愛という難問に挑んできた。なぜなら同性愛は、人類は生殖へと駆り立てられるという根本原則に一致しないからだ。

これまでさまざまな仮設が立てられている。たとえば「同性愛の男性は、異性愛の男性よりも熱心な『おじ』になろうとする (よって親族関係のつながりを深めることが得意だ) 」といった説から、「同性愛の男性の母方は、系統的に多産の女性が多い」という説までだ。

イギリス・ポーツマス大学の研究者が新しい理論を発表して議論を呼んでいる。彼らの研究によると、同性愛は人類とほかの霊長類の中で生物学的に進化してきた可能性がある。なぜなら同性愛が我々の絆を深める手助けとなるからだ。

ポーツマス大学の進化心理学者で研究を行ったダイアナ・フライシュマン博士は報告書で次のように述べている。「進化論的な観点から、我々は、性行動を生殖という目的を達成する手段と考えがちだ。しかし、性行動は密接な肉体関係で快感を伴うものものだから、人類以外の霊長類を含めて多くの種が行っている。社会的な絆を作り、維持するのに役立つのだ。こうしたことは、愛しあう2人を見れば明らかだ。彼らは、たとえ生殖が不可能だとしても、性行動で絆を保つ」

今回の研究で、92人の女性からアンケート調査を行った。同性愛に関するさまざまな仮定について、どの程度まで同意、あるいは同意しないかを答えてもらった。たとえば「同性の相手とキスすることを想像したら性的に興奮する」「もし同性から言い寄られたら気持ち悪いと思う」といったものだ。

その際に研究者たちは、調査対象の女性たちの唾液に含まれるステロイドホルモン「プロゲステロン」の濃度を測った。プロゲステロンの分泌量は社会的な結びつきと関連があると言われている。

その結果、プロゲステロン濃度の高い女性は、濃度の低い女性よりも、同性愛に関してオープンだった。研究者たちは次のように理論づけた。プロゲステロンが分泌されると人々は互いに絆を求める。そして性行動も1つの絆の形だから、異性愛だけでなく同性愛でも促される。

もう1つの実験では、59人の男性が言葉の穴埋めパズルを行った。以下の3つのカテゴリのうちの1つに属する言葉の空欄を埋めていくパズルだ。友情に関するもの(例えば「と○だち」は「ともだち」となる) 、性的なもの (「お○ぱい」は「おっぱい」)、そして特に意味を持たないもの (「し○く」は「しかく」)だ 。

この実験では、友情に関する言葉の穴埋めで全問正解した男性は、ほかの2つのグループで全問正解した男性と比較して、男性とセックスするという考えに理解を示す割合が26%高くなると判明した。「言い換えれば、友情に関する理解が深い男性が他人と絆を結ぶことについて考える時、異性愛だけでなく同性愛に対してもよりオープンなのです」と、フライシュマン博士はハフポストの取材に対して述べた。

さらにフライシュマン博士は次のように述べている。「非常に複雑な話なのですが、はっきりしているのは、愛情とセクシュアリティは一連のものだ、ということです。そして、 性交渉する能力は、同性愛でも異性愛でも共通するものだ。人類の中では、ほとんどとは言えないが多くの場合、同性愛は自分たちが同性愛者だと認識していない人たちの間で生まれる」

確かに、興味をそそられる仮説だ。しかし、すべての人がこの新たな研究結果に賛成しているわけではない。

この研究に参加しなかったユニバーシティ・カレッジ・ロンドン(UCL)の生殖内分泌学教授ジェラルド・コンウェイ博士はテレグラフ紙に対して次のように述べている。「この理論は、同性愛に社会的利益があるかのような、もっともらしい仮説だが、プロゲステロンとの関連性はおそらく誤りだろう。因果関係を証明するにはほど遠いものだ」

この研究は11月25日に機関誌「Archives of Sexual Behavior」に掲載された。

東京レインボープライド2014
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