MERSの実態―感染症の第一人者に聞く

韓国で流行していることが大きなニュースとなっているMERS。今後MERSの対策を行う上で、過去の経験から考えるべきことは何でしょうか。
|
Open Image Modal
Airports of Thailand employees wear face masks as they wait for travelers to walk past a thermoscan checking their body temperature on arrival at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport on June 19, 2015. Thailand on June 18 said a 75-year-old man from Oman was confirmed to have MERS in Southeast Asia's first case of the virus since an outbreak in South Korea that has killed 23 people. AFP PHOTO / Christophe ARCHAMBAULT (Photo credit should read CHRISTOPHE ARCHAMBAULT/AFP/Getty Images)
CHRISTOPHE ARCHAMBAULT via Getty Images

韓国で流行していることが大きなニュースとなっているMERS(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome 中東呼吸器症候群)。今後MERSの対策を行う上で、過去の経験から考えるべきことは何でしょうか。SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 重症急性呼吸器症候群)の経験と今回の韓国におけるMERS流行の経験から学ぶべきことについて、国際医療福祉大学教授、元国立感染症研究所所長の倉田毅先生にお話をお聞きしました。

MERSについて

MERSはMiddle East Respiratory Syndromeと呼ばれ、日本語では中東呼吸器症候群といわれています。コロナウイルスによる感染症で、ヒトコブラクダが自然宿主と言われており、2012年に中東で発生しました。2003年に流行したSARSはハクビシンからヒトにきたコロナウイルスが原因です。

MERSは潜伏期間が4日~14日ぐらいであると考えられており、症状は発熱やせきなどの呼吸器症状が特徴ですが、それとともに下痢などの消化器症状を伴うこともあります。現在、抗ウイルス薬などの特異的な治療法もワクチンもありません。症状に合わせた治療(対症療法)のみです。高齢者や糖尿病やCOPDなどの病気を持つ人がかかると重症化しやすく、死亡者も出ています。

致死率は局所的には40%というデータが出ています。しかし、SARSのときも初期の致死率は高く、最終的には10%台程度まで減っていきました。そのときの経験に基づけば、致死率は減っていく可能性も十分にあるでしょう。

MERSの感染

MERSの主要な感染経路は2つが挙げられます。

飛沫感染

MERSウイルスは、咳やくしゃみとしてウイルスが空中に浮遊せず、落下していきます。そのため、咳痰が飛ぶ距離が重要になってきます。およそその距離は90㎝(1ヤード)と言われており、その距離内で接触しない限り感染する確率は低いと言えます。また空気感染の確率はゼロではありませんが、中東・韓国の状況を見ている限り、非常に低いと言えます。

濃厚な接触感染

SARSでは糞便から出たウイルスによって感染拡大が起こりました。MERSにおいても糞便に加え尿中からも大量のウイルスが検出されていると報告されています。それらの処理を誤ることも感染拡大の一因となっている可能性があります。

こういった感染経路を考えると、感染予防にもっとも効果的な方法は以下です。

・ウイルスを含む飛沫を吸い込まないためにマスク(通常のサージカルマスクで可)を着用すること。

・接触からの感染を避けるために、手洗いを頻繁にすること(石鹸がなかったとしても流水だけの手洗いでも有効です)。

その他に、以下の点も意識してください。

・流行地域からの来訪者との接触の際には注意すること。

・ウイルスを消毒するためには消毒用アルコールや中性洗剤も有効。

韓国におけるMERS流行の経験から考える

次に、今回の韓国におけるMERSの流行を考えます。MERSはヒトコブラクダの棲息するサウジアラビア周辺あたりで少しずつ発生し、地中海地域からの欧州一帯への輸入例として見られていました。今回の韓国での拡大感染はバーレーンから帰国した方からといわれています。正直なところまったく予想されなかった事態です。

まだ正確な情報が発表されておりませんので、ここからは推測の話になります。

まず、ウイルスの病原性が著しく変化した報告はありません。空気感染の可能性はゼロではありませんが、そうなっているのであればインフルエンザのときのようにもっと広がりを見せてもよいはずです。SARSでも咳痰をじかに浴びたヒトは感染していますが、街を歩いていて感染したヒトは全くいませんでした。

今回、感染の拡大は韓国の病院内で発生したものということは分かっています。ここで課題になるのは、感染に対する対応措置がどうであったかです。発症者は隔離されているといわれていますが、本当に隔離されていたのか。病院の隔離室はしっかりしていたのか。医療従事者や病院に入る人、一人ひとりの感染防御はどうだったのか。これから韓国は病院や医療の実質が問われることになります。6月16日現在、MERS感染者は150名、死者19名と報道されています。

また、一部報道では1300人という通常から考えると信じられない人数が隔離されると報道がいわれています。感染力が特に強いのはMERSコロナウイルスが陽性で肺炎の症状が強い人、さらに言えば下痢の症状が強い人だと推測されます。症状が全くない人に感染力があるかは疑問が残りますし、市中感染の証拠は今のところありません。つまり、「本当に隔離すべき人を絞りきれずに、結果として隔離ができていない」という可能性も考えなくてはいけません。

韓国の対応措置がいかなるものであったか、大きな疑問が残ります。どうして初動を誤ったのかが分かれば、より正確な実態が判明するとは思います。なぜ韓国が初期の感染拡大阻止に失敗したかについて、我々はきちんと考えるべきです。これは、今後の日本がハイリスクな人を正確に絞り込み、厚生労働省が指定する高度な感染症の対策室がある施設を有効に使うという「きめ細やかな対応」をするための参考になると考えています。

最後に

日本は、昨年以来のエボラ出血熱の流行の際にも、結果的には日本には入ってこなかったとはいえ、感染疑いの人が出た場合にもしっかりとした対応がされていました。仮に日本でMERSの感染者が出た場合も、きめ細やかな対応をすることで感染拡大は防げるのではないかと考えています。そして、もし流行地域への渡航後にMERSが疑わしい症状が出た場合は、まずは各地域の保健所に連絡しましょう。

【関連リンク】

【執筆/インタビュー】

倉田 毅

国立感染症研究所所長を経て現在は国際医療福祉大学塩谷病院で中央検査部部長ならびに教授を務める。インド、バングラデッシュやザイールをはじめ世界各国で感染症対策に従事し、現在も米国CDCのEMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASEで編集委員を務める。ウイルス感染症の病理学を専門とする。

関連記事

韓国でMERSの感染広がる
South Korea Reports Eighth MERS Death(01 of28)
Open Image Modal
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA - JUNE 09: Elementary school students wear masks as a precaution against the MERS virus as they wait for a lesson to start at Midong Elementary School on June 9, 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. South Korea has reported eight deaths related to the virus with 2,500 people quarantined and 1,800 schools closed as of June 9, 2015. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(02 of28)
Open Image Modal
A student has her temperature taken by a teacher outside the Sungshin elementary school in Seoul on June 8, 2015. South Korea recorded its sixth death and biggest single day jump in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) infections, with 23 new cases in the largest outbreak of the potentially deadly virus outside Saudi Arabia. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
South Korea Reports Eighth MERS Death(03 of28)
Open Image Modal
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA - JUNE 09: Elementary school students wear masks as a precaution against the MERS virus as they wait for a lesson to start at Midong Elementary School on June 9, 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. South Korea has reported eight deaths related to the virus with 2,500 people quarantined and 1,800 schools closed as of June 9, 2015. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images)
South Korea Reports Eighth MERS Death(04 of28)
Open Image Modal
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA - JUNE 09: Elementary school students wear masks as a precaution against the MERS virus as they arrive at Midong Elementary School on June 9, 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. South Korea has reported eight deaths related to the virus with 2,500 people quarantined and 1,800 schools closed as of June 9, 2015. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images)
South Korea Reports Eighth MERS Death(05 of28)
Open Image Modal
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA - JUNE 09: Elementary school students wear masks as a precaution against the MERS virus as they wait for a lesson to start at Midong Elementary School on June 9, 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. South Korea has reported eight deaths related to the virus with 2,500 people quarantined and 1,800 schools closed as of June 9, 2015. (Photo by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images) (credit:Chung Sung-Jun via Getty Images)
South Korea MERS(06 of28)
Open Image Modal
Philippines tourists wear masks as a precaution against the MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus on a subway train in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, June 7, 2015. A fifth person in the country has died of the MERS virus, as the government announced Sunday it was strengthening measures to stem the spread of the disease and public fear. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea MERS(07 of28)
Open Image Modal
Hospital workers wear masks as a precaution against the MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus as they work in front of an emergency room of Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, June 7, 2015. A fifth person in South Korea has died of the MERS virus, as the government announced Sunday it was strengthening measures to stem the spread of the disease and public fear.(AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea MERS(08 of28)
Open Image Modal
A tourist wears mask as a precaution against MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus at the Gyeongbok Palace, one of South Korea\'s well-known landmarks, in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, June 7, 2015. A fifth person in the country has died of the MERS virus, as the government announced Sunday it was strengthening measures to stem the spread of the disease and public fear. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea MERS(09 of28)
Open Image Modal
Tourists wear masks as a precaution against MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus as they visit Gyeongbok Palace, one of South Korea\'s well-known landmarks, in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, June 7, 2015. A fifth person in the country has died of the MERS virus, as the government announced Sunday it was strengthening measures to stem the spread of the disease and public fear. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea MERS(10 of28)
Open Image Modal
A passenger wears a mask as a precaution against the MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus on a subway train in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, June 7, 2015. A fifth person in South Korea has died of the MERS virus, as the government announced Sunday it was strengthening measures to stem the spread of the disease and public fear.(AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea China MERS(11 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean Health and Welfare Minister Moon Hyung-pyo, left, speaks during a press conference to announce how to further prevent the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) at the government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, May 31, 2015. China on Friday confirmed its first case of MERS in a South Korean businessman who ignored instructions to stay home after his father was diagnosed with the disease. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
(12 of28)
Open Image Modal
(credit:청와대)
(13 of28)
Open Image Modal
(credit:청와대)
(14 of28)
Open Image Modal
(credit:청와대)
(15 of28)
Open Image Modal
(credit:청와대)
South Korea MERS Virus(16 of28)
Open Image Modal
A man helps a patient to wear a mask as a precaution against the possible MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus in front of a facility to examine temporarily quarantined people who could be infected with the MERS virus at Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea Monday, June 1, 2015. More than 680 people in South Korea are isolated after having contact with patients infected with the virus that has killed hundreds of people in the Middle East, health officials said Monday.(AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(17 of28)
Open Image Modal
A man wearing a face mask walks outside the Gyeongbokgung palace in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials over their \'insufficient\' response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(18 of28)
Open Image Modal
A man wearing a face mask walks through a market in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials over their \'insufficient\' response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. AFP PHOTO / Ed Jones (Photo credit should read ED JONES/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:ED JONES via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(19 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean hospital workers set a separated emergency center for MERS cases at the National Medical Center in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials on June 1, over their response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. Major South Korean hospitals are setting up special MERS clinic rooms to fight the disease. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images)
South Korea MERS Virus(20 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Koreans wearing masks as a precaution against the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus sit at an emergency room at Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea Monday, June 1, 2015. More than 680 people in South Korea are isolated after having contact with patients infected with a virus that has killed hundreds of people in the Middle East, health officials said Monday. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea MERS Virus(21 of28)
Open Image Modal
A patient wearing a mask as a precaution against the MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, virus walks by a facility to examine temporarily quarantined people who could be infected with the MERS virus at Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea Monday, June 1, 2015. More than 680 people in South Korea are isolated after having contact with patients infected with the virus that has killed hundreds of people in the Middle East, health officials said Monday. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea China MERS(22 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean Health and Welfare Minister Moon Hyung-pyo speaks during a press conference to announce how to further prevent the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) at the government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, May 31, 2015. China on Friday confirmed its first case of MERS in a South Korean businessman who ignored instructions to stay home after his father was diagnosed with the disease. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
South Korea China MERS(23 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean Health and Welfare Minister Moon Hyung-pyo, left, speaks during a press conference to announce how to further prevent the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) at the government complex in Seoul, South Korea, Sunday, May 31, 2015. China on Friday confirmed its first case of MERS in a South Korean businessman who ignored instructions to stay home after his father was diagnosed with the disease. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(24 of28)
Open Image Modal
A South Korean hospital worker wearing a mask stands in front of a public notice on MERS while setting up a separated emergency center at the National Medical Center in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials on June 1, over their response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. Major South Korean hospitals are setting up special MERS clinic rooms to fight the disease. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(25 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean hospital workers wearing masks stand in front of a public notice on MERS while setting up a separated emergency center at the National Medical Center in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials on June 1, over their response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. Major South Korean hospitals are setting up special MERS clinic rooms to fight the disease. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(26 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean rescue members carry a woman in front of a public notice on MERS at the National Medical Center in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials on June 1, over their response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. Major South Korean hospitals are setting up special MERS clinic rooms to fight the disease. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(27 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean hospital workers wearing masks stand in front of a public notice on MERS while setting up a separated emergency center at the National Medical Center in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials on June 1, over their response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. Major South Korean hospitals are setting up special MERS clinic rooms to fight the disease. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images)
SKOREA-HEALTH-MERS(28 of28)
Open Image Modal
South Korean hospital workers set a separated emergency center for MERS cases at the National Medical Center in Seoul on June 1, 2015. South Korean President Park Geun-Hye scolded health officials on June 1, over their response to an outbreak of the MERS virus, as the number of infections climbed to 18, with nearly 700 under observation. Major South Korean hospitals are setting up special MERS clinic rooms to fight the disease. AFP PHOTO / JUNG YEON-JE (Photo credit should read JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:JUNG YEON-JE via Getty Images)