北朝鮮でも、中国でも「私は奴隷でした」 脱北者パク・ヨンミさんの「生きるための選択」とは(動画あり)

自伝の日本版発売に合わせて11月下旬に来日した朴さんに聞いた。

ソウルに住む朴妍美(パク・ヨンミ)さん(22)は、中国の国境にちかい北朝鮮の恵山(ヘサン)で生まれた。生活のために闇商売をしていた父は逮捕されて労働教化所に送られ、一家は離散状態に。極寒と餓えに耐えかねた朴さんは「中国に渡れば豊かな暮らしができる」という噂を聞き、13歳でブローカーを頼って国境の豆満江を渡り中国に逃げた。

Open Image Modal

しかし、中国で待っていたのは、農家の「嫁」などとして金銭で売買される奴隷のような生活だった。北朝鮮の秘密警察の捜索におびえながら、ブローカーに監視され、性的関係を強要された。死を覚悟してモンゴルに逃げ、韓国政府に保護された。

その壮絶な体験を、著書『生きるための選択』(辰巳出版)で語っている。これまでの多くの脱北者の手記が、北朝鮮脱出後の中国での生活を詳しく書いていないが、脱北者が人身売買の被害者となっている中国での実態も記録した、貴重な証言でもある。

朴さんはその後、韓国の大学に通いながら脱北者を取り上げたテレビバラエティー番組に出演していたが、2014年10月にアイルランドの首都ダブリンで開かれた、18~30歳の若者による国際会議「One Young World」に参加し、壇上で涙ながらに北朝鮮の人権改善を訴える姿が欧米メディアに取り上げられ、一躍有名になった。

「母は私を守るために中国人のブローカーに強姦されました。中国には30万人の脱北者がいます。70%は10代の少女です。自由を求め、コンパスを頼りにゴビ砂漠を越えてモンゴルにたどり着きました。北朝鮮に送り返されるなら、自殺するつもりでいました」

一方で北朝鮮は2015年2月、朴さんの親戚らを登場させ、証言はでたらめだとする動画を公開している。

朴さんは2016年1月からアメリカの名門・コロンビア大学に入学することが決まっている。自伝の日本版発売に合わせて11月下旬に来日した朴さんに聞いた。

Open Image Modal

――脱北者の本はこれまでもたくさん出ていますが、ほとんどが北朝鮮を越えるところで一度終わります。朴さんの本は、中国やモンゴルでの逃避行など、そこでの苦しい生活を詳しく書いています。筆舌に尽くしがたい体験を、なぜ書こうと思ったのですか?

今までは人間不信なところもあって、自分の体験を率直に話すことはできず、あたかも母の経験のように語っていました。でも「One Young World」に出たら、自分のために泣いてくれる人がいたし、世界にも私と同じように過酷な境遇の人たちがいると実感できました。もう一度、人を信じて自分の経験を書きたいと思いました。

――生まれた国が違うだけで、過酷な運命にあったことを呪ったりすることはありますか?

私は奴隷でした。なぜ生まれた国が違うだけで、こんな運命を背負うのか。アンフェアな世界が許せないと思ったこともありました。でも、自由な国でも、強さがなければ、本当の能力を発揮することはできません。あの経験があったから、私は今も自由を謳歌できて、自分がどう生きていくべきか選択もできた。すべての人が経験すべきだとは思わないけど、今の運命も受け入れられるようになりました。本を読んで「人間の持つ強さ、潜在能力が分かった」と言ってくださる方が増えました。

――中国での悲惨な経験は恥ずかしかったり、思い出したくなかったりすることも多いと思いますが、抵抗はありませんでしたか?

中国人ブローカーの「性的奴隷」のような状況になったときは、世界の終わりだと思いましたし、長い間、隠したいと思ってきたことでした。しかし、大勢の人の前で話すことは責任も伴いますし、リスクも負わなければなりません。最初は抵抗がありましたが、やってよかったと思っています。

Open Image Modal

――英語で世界に訴えた結果、北朝鮮から反論や中傷などもありました。

北朝鮮は私の愛する人々を出演させて、でたらめなことを言わせて中傷した。親族をそういう場面でしか見られなかったことは辛かった。だけど、嫌われているということは、金正恩がそれほど怒っているということ。私のほんの小さな声にここまで過剰反応するのは、少しでも事態が動いたということ。一気に変わることはないかも知れないけど、正しいことをしたと思っています。

北朝鮮に強制収容所があり、飢餓で何万人も死んだという話があり得ないという人もいます。第2次世界大戦時のユダヤ人大量虐殺も、人間がそんなひどいことをするはずがないと言われていたけど、だんだん証言者も出始めて、真実と分かったのです。結局、人は自分が直接見たものでないと容易には信じられないものです。簡単に見に行けないし、政府も隠そうとします。私の体験については、一緒に逃げた友人や知人が「噓じゃない」と言ってくれます。

英語を学ぼうと思ったのは、アメリカのテレビドラマに魅せられたから。私はただの学生で、有名になりたくてやっているわけじゃない。ただ、批判を受けることは、話を聞いてもらいたいと思う以上、支払うべき代償だと思っています。批判以上に、世の中をよくしたいとい思う人はたくさんいて、支援してくれる。そこから得たものの方が大きいですね。

――アメリカで勉強したいことは?

うーん…。ジャーナリズムかもしれないし、農業かも(笑)。でも何を学ぶにせよ、人は、裏付けとなる知識以上のものは見えない。知らないから分からない、見えないということを、自分に許したくないんです。

アメリカはいろいろ問題も抱えているけど、人々は自由です。虹のようなカラフルなハーモニーがあって、どのような人種でも宗教でも固有の権利を持っています。いま「何を勉強したいか」と言われたけど、北朝鮮では何を学ぶか自分で決めることもできませんでした。アメリカは、考える自由がある。うらやましいと思います。インドやアフリカなど、ほかの国もあちこち見て回りたい。行動の自由があるんだから。

――ヨンミさんが考える北朝鮮の人権問題の解決とはどんなことですか?

北朝鮮では、金一族のことだけを考えるように言われ、とにかく生きるだけで必死だった。インターネットも知らない一種の別の宇宙空間ですが、住んでいるのは普通の人です。私の願いは、ファッション雑誌があって、好きなアートやデザイナーについて話し合えるような国、ネットでつながって、自由に旅ができる国、そんな国に北朝鮮がなることです。

最後は絶対に北朝鮮に戻って暮らしたい。中国で死んだ父の遺骨を返さないといけない。私を産んでくれた大地が懐かしい。私の国ですから、帰る権利があります。だから本を書いたんですよ。

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Delegates Visit Kaesong Industrial Complex(97 of115)
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KAESONG, NORTH KOREA - DECEMBER 19: North Korean employees work at the assembly line of the factory of South Korean company at the Kaesong industrial complex on December 19, 2013 in Kaesong, North Korea. North Korea agreed on this rare cross-border trip of about 30 foreign officials and financial experts proposed by South Korea as the South Korean government watches on Pyongyang following the execution of leader Kim Jong-Un\'s uncle, Jang Song-Thaek. The Kaesong Industrial Complex was re-opened in September after a five-month closure caused by military tensions. (Photo by Park Jin-Hee-Pool/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Delegates Visit Kaesong Industrial Complex(98 of115)
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KAESONG, NORTH KOREA - DECEMBER 19: North Korean employees work at the assembly line of the factory of South Korean company at the Kaesong industrial complex on December 19, 2013 in Kaesong, North Korea. North Korea agreed on this rare cross-border trip of about 30 foreign officials and financial experts proposed by South Korea as the South Korean government watches on Pyongyang following the execution of leader Kim Jong-Un\'s uncle, Jang Song-Thaek. The Kaesong Industrial Complex was re-opened in September after a five-month closure caused by military tensions. (Photo by Park Jin-Hee-Pool/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Delegates Visit Kaesong Industrial Complex(99 of115)
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KAESONG, NORTH KOREA - DECEMBER 19: North Korean employees work in a bank at the Kaesong industrial complex on December 19, 2013 in Kaesong, North Korea. North Korea agreed on this rare cross-border trip of about 30 foreign officials and financial experts proposed by South Korea as the South Korean government watches on Pyongyang following the execution of leader Kim Jong-Un\'s uncle, Jang Song-Thaek. The Kaesong Industrial Complex was re-opened in September after a five-month closure caused by military tensions. (Photo by Park Jin-Hee-Pool/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
「シネマパラダイス★ピョンヤン」(100 of115)
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平壌映画演劇大学に通うユンミ\n\n『シネマパラダイス★ピョンヤン』\n【2012年/シンガポール/朝鮮語・日英字幕/93分\n原題:The Great North Korean Picture Show】\n\n監督:ジェイムス・ロン、リン・リー『アキ・ラーの少年たち』\n配給:33 BLOCKS\nコピーライト:(C)Lianain Films\n公式サイト:http://www.cinepara-pyongyang.com/\n公開表記:3月8日(土)よりシアター・イメージフォーラムほか全国順次公開 (credit:(C)Lianain Films)
「シネマパラダイス★ピョンヤン」(101 of115)
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平壌映画演劇大学に通うユンミ(中央)と両親\n\n『シネマパラダイス★ピョンヤン』\n【2012年/シンガポール/朝鮮語・日英字幕/93分\n原題:The Great North Korean Picture Show】\n\n監督:ジェイムス・ロン、リン・リー『アキ・ラーの少年たち』\n配給:33 BLOCKS\nコピーライト:(C)Lianain Films\n公式サイト:http://www.cinepara-pyongyang.com/\n公開表記:3月8日(土)よりシアター・イメージフォーラムほか全国順次公開 (credit:(C)Lianain Films)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(102 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(103 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(104 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(105 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(106 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(107 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(108 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)より (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
「隣人。38度線の北」より(109 of115)
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地方\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」(徳間書店)から (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
(110 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」は、徳間書店から発売中 (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
(111 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」は、徳間書店から発売中 (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
(112 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」は、徳間書店から発売中 (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
(113 of115)
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平壌\n\n初沢亜利さんの写真集「隣人。38度線の北」は、徳間書店から発売中 (credit:Ari Hatsuzawa)
North Koreas Kims Photo Gallery(114 of115)
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FILE - In this April 16, 2012, file photo, a young North Korean woman holds back tears during a song dedicated to the leader Kim Jong Un at a mass event to celebrate 100 years since the birth of the late North Korean founder Kim Il Sung. The spectacles exist at a North Korean intersection of dogma, tedium and entertainment. (AP Photo/David Guttenfelder, File) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
North Korea Koreas Weightlifting(115 of115)
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South Korean weightlifter Kwon Ye-bin completes a lift in the women\'s junior 69 kilogram event during the 2013 Asian Cup and Interclub Weightlifting Championships in Pyongyang, North Korea Friday, Sept. 13, 2013. (AP Photo/Jon Chol Jin) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)