破綻した「アラブの春」に、日本はどう向き合うべきか

「アラブの春」で混乱状態に陥ってから3年以上が経つが、シリアにおける内戦は一向に出口が見えない。エジプトでは、民主的な手続きを経て政権を獲った原理主義集団のムスリム同胞団が軍事クーデターにより倒された。中東地域の民主化運動として世界中の耳目を集めた「アラブの春」は、シリアやエジプトで綻びを見せている。
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「アラブの春」で混乱状態に陥ってから3年以上が経つが、シリアにおける内戦は一向に出口が見えない。エジプトでは、民主的な手続きを経て政権を獲った原理主義集団のムスリム同胞団が軍事クーデターにより倒された。中東地域の民主化運動として世界中の耳目を集めた「アラブの春」は、シリアやエジプトで綻びを見せている。

今月『世界を標的化するイスラム過激派』を角川書店より上梓した。同書は「アラブの春」が破綻した結果、勢いづいた印象がある「イスラム過激派」という急進的勢力・武装集団の活動や、イデオロギーを解説し、現代国際社会が抱える課題を明らかにすることを目指したものである。欧米世界とイスラム世界の相克を歴史的な視点から論じ、過激な思想がイスラムの中でいかに生まれ、成長していったかを紹介した。また、その相克の中で日本がいかに建設的な役割をイスラム世界に対して行えるかについても触れてみた。

■ 過激派が日本を狙っていない理由

日本とイスラム過激派との関係を考える上では、今年1月に起こったアルジェリアのイナメナスで起こった悲劇に触れないわけにはいかない。イナメナスにおけるガス・プラントで日本人企業関係者たちがイスラム武装集団の人質になり、アルジェリア軍の制圧の中で日本人10人が犠牲となった事件は記憶に新しい。武装集団は日本人を狙って犯行に及んだわけではない。2013年9月に筆者がアルジェリアを訪ね、現地で聞き取り調査を行った際も「日本人がターゲットにしたわけではない。狙われたのは欧米人だった」という発言のほうが多かった。日本人は完全に巻き添えをくっていた。

欧米との歴史的な確執は、古くは13世紀の十字軍の中東遠征に始まる、イスラムとキリスト教的な価値観との対立が背景にある。また、19世紀にはアルジェリアをフランスが植民地化するなど欧米諸国による進出が進み、20世紀に入ると英米という植民地主義勢力が自分達の都合で、勝手に地理的境界線を中東アラブ世界に引いた。第二次大戦後にはイスラエルが建国され、パレスチナ問題は常に欧米とイスラム世界との間の火種となっている。特にイスラム世界に対して軍事的干渉を続ける米国への印象は、現地の民衆の間で最悪なものとなっている。

ひるがえって日本はどうか。日本のイスラム世界への関与は欧米の軍事干渉と違って教育や福祉支援で行われてきた。イスラムでは、ザカート(喜捨)と呼ばれる宗教的義務がある。これは、イスラム教の「五行」と呼ばれる最も基本的な宗教行為の一つで、困窮者を助けるための義務的な税を指し、社会的弱者の救済を求める。日本の支援は、このイスラムの徳にも通じるもので、これはイスラムの武装集団にも評価されてきた。アフガニスタンで筆者が会ったタリバン司令官は、日本のNGO「ペシャワール会」がアフガニスタンで医療活動を行ったり、農業用水の充実に努力してきたりしたことを称賛していた。タリバンやアルカイダなどの武装集団が使用するのはトヨタなどの日本車のトラックが圧倒的に多い。彼らは日本の技術の高さを知っていて、日本に対するある種の尊崇の念すらある。(イスラム世界による日本への肯定的印象については、拙著『イスラムの人はなぜ日本を尊敬するのか』に詳細がある。)

■ 欧米や中韓には不可能な、日本にしかできない貢献のあり方を模索せよ

安倍首相は2013年9月、ニューヨークで講演し「積極的平和主義」の考えを強調、具体的な事例として自衛隊によるPKOの可能性に触れている。だが、欧米の軍事干渉に協力し、あまつさえ現地の人々を殺害することになってしまえば、日本はそのイメージを損ない、最終的には日本人をも危険に陥れるものになりかねない。既に韓国はこのような関わり方をしているが、アフガニスタンではタリバンが韓国人23人を誘拐し韓国軍の撤退を要求するという事件が起こっている。イラク戦争の際の非戦闘地域の自衛隊派遣は、最終的には「帰らないでデモ」が起こるほど現地の人々にも厚い信頼を獲得したものだったが、これが戦闘地域でも可能だとは限らないのだ。

近年、中国や韓国による中東世界への進出は目を見張るものがある。しかし、中国はイスラム教徒が多数住むウイグル地域への抑圧のため、アラブ世界の民衆による印象は、決してよいものであるとはいいがたい。韓国は上記のような軍事的な問題のほかに、北朝鮮が武器を積極的に輸出してきたシリアとは国交を結んでいないなど、政治的限界もある。イスラム過激派が拡散し、成長している現状を考慮すれば、いつ中韓の人々が次の標的になるかもわからない状況でもある。

日本人の安全を考えるならば、日本は従来のように、イスラム世界に人々の福利を考えた、経済的貢献・文化的貢献に留まることが最善の策といえるだろう。そしてこのことこそが、真に現地の人々に望まれている、日本にしかできない貢献のあり方でもあるといえよう。

2013/07/03 エジプトデモ画像集
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(01 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: An anti-President Mohammed Morsi poster is viewed as as thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(02 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters begin to gather in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi approaches on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(03 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(04 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters take part in a demonstration as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi approaches, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(05 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters take part in a demonstration as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi approaches, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(06 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(07 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(08 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Anti-President Mohammed Morsi posters are viewed as as thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(09 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(10 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(11 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters take part in a demonstration as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi approaches, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(12 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(13 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters take part in a demonstration as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi approaches, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(14 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(15 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(16 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters celebrate as news is announced of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi proposing a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political crisis, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As the Egyptian Army\'s deadline passed on Wednesday afternoon, President Morsi proposed a consensus government as a way out of the country\'s political deadlock between the military and Muslim Brotherhood. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Deadline Passes(17 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Egyptian opposition protesters take part in a demonstration as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi approaches, at Egypt\'s Presidential Palace on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over state television. (Photo by Ed Giles/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(18 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: A girl looks up at fireworks as thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(19 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: An anti-President Mohammed Morsi poster is viewed on a wall near Tahrir Square as thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(20 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(21 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(22 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(23 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: People carry anti-Obama posters as thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(24 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protsts Intensify As Army Deadline Approaches(25 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: A boy has his face painted the colors of the Egyptian flag as thousands of Egyptian protesters celebrate in Tahrir Square as the deadline given by the military to Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi passes on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. The president gave a defiant speech last night and vowed to stay in power despite the military threats. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egypt Protests Intensify As Army Ousts President Morsi(26 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Fireworks and shouts of joy emanate from Tahrir Square after a broadcast by the head of the Egyptian military confirming that they will temporarily be taking over from the country\'s first democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egyptian President Morsi Ousted In Military Coup (27 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Fireworks and shouts of joy emanate from Tahrir Square after a broadcast by the head of the Egyptian military confirming that they will temporarily be taking over from the country\'s first democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egyptian President Morsi Ousted In Military Coup (28 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: An Egyptian military helicopter flies over Tahrir Square after a broadcast by the head of the Egyptian military confirming that they will temporarily be taking over from the country\'s first democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
Egyptian President Morsi Ousted In Military Coup (29 of29)
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CAIRO, EGYPT - JULY 03: Fireworks and shouts of joy emanate from Tahrir Square after a broadcast by the head of the Egyptian military confirming that they will temporarily be taking over from the country\'s first democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi on July 3, 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. As unrest spreads throughout the country, at least 23 people were killed in Cairo on Tuesday and over 200 others were injured. It has been reported that the military has taken over the state television. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)