イエメンでコレラが拡大 ライフラインのフダイダ港が閉鎖の危機

「この港が混乱に巻き込まれたら、飢饉を防ぐための活動は重大な危機を迎える」
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A Yemeni child suspected of being infected with cholera receives treatment at a hospital in Sanaa on May 6, 2017.At least 570 suspected cases of cholera have surfaced in war-torn Yemen in the past three weeks, sparking fears of a potential epidemic, Doctors Without Borders said. Healthcare has dramatically deteriorated in Yemen as conflict between Iran-backed rebels and the Saudi-supported government continues to escalate, leaving hospitals destroyed and millions struggling to find access to food and clean water. / AFP PHOTO / Mohammed HUWAIS (Photo credit should read MOHAMMED HUWAIS/AFP/Getty Images)
MOHAMMED HUWAIS via Getty Images

内戦が続くイエメンで、コレラの感染が全土に拡大し、大規模な飢饉の恐れも深刻化する「世界最大規模の人道危機」が進んでいる。

イエメンでは、サウジアラビアとアラブ首長国連邦(UAE)が主導する有志連合軍と、イランが支援するシーア派反政府勢力「フーシ派」との間で過酷な内戦が続き、住民の大量移動と世界最大規模の食糧危機が発生している。

世界保健機構(WHO)は5月11日、イエメンで4月27日以降、コレラで51人が死亡し、2752人に感染の疑いがあると発表した。

内戦により道路などのインフラや医療施設が破壊され、人道支援物資や医療品、清潔な水などが確保できない状況が続き、感染症や飢饉の拡大に歯止めがかけられない状況が続いている。

アメリカ政府はサウジの空爆を軍事的に支援してきた。しかしバラク・オバマ政権時代、有志連合にフーシが支配するイエメンの西海岸フダイダの主要な港への攻撃や占拠をしないよう要請した。その港を攻撃すれば、フダイダを通ってイエメンに入る人道援助物資の大半が届かなくなるためだ。

紅海との西側境界沿いに位置するフダイダは、ジブチから運ばれる人道的物資が供給される重要港であり、輸入食料の80%近くがこの港に陸揚げされている。

「フダイダ港は重要なライフラインだ」と、国連世界食糧計画のエグゼクティブ・ディレクターであるデービッド・ビーズリー氏は4月25日、ジュネーブの国際会合で訴えた。「この港が混乱に巻き込まれたら、飢饉を防ぐための活動は重大な危機を迎える」

アメリカ上院の超党派の上院議員グループも、サウジアラビアのハリド・ビン・サルマン駐米大使に対し、有志連合軍がフダイダ港への爆撃を回避するよう強く促した。

この9人の上院議員は、4月27日にサルマン大使に送った書簡の中で、サウジアラビア政府に対し、イエメンのフダイダ港への爆撃を控えるよう要請し、人道的見地から同港周辺での即時停戦を求めた。

書簡によると、食料、燃料、医療物資の大部分は、フダイダ港を経由してイエメンに入ってくる。議員らは、もし同港が閉鎖されれば、フダイダ、タイズ、サアダ、ハッジャの各行政区域の一部が3カ月以内に食糧不足に陥る可能性があると警告した。

「フダイダに対する軍事作戦は、イエメンの人道的に悲惨な状況をさらに破局へと導くだろう」と、議員らは書簡で主張した。

この書簡に署名したのは、トッド・ヤング(共和党・インディアナ州)、クリス・マーフィー(民主党・コネチカット州)、ジョン・ブースマン(共和・アーカンソー州)、パトリック・リーヒ(民主・バーモント州)、コリー・ブッカー(民主・ニュージャージー州)、ジェフ・マークレー(民主・オレゴン州)、ディック・ダービン(民主・イリノイ州)、クリス・クーンズ(民主・デラウェア州)、エド・マークレー(民主・マサチューセッツ州)の各上院議員。有志連合軍が現在、反政府武装勢力のフーシ派が支配する港湾都市フダイダを奪還するため、本格的な軍事行動を準備しているとの報道を受けて出されたものだ。

サウジ主導の連合軍は、アブド・ラッボ・マンスール・ハディ大統領が率いるイエメン政府と連携しており、2015年にフーシ派に対して空爆を開始した。この空爆で、すでに人道危機に陥っていたイエメンの状況を極端に悪化させた。

人道支援活動家らは2月、ハフポストUS版に対し、フダイダはイエメンに食料を輸入できる最後の拠点だと話した。サウジ主導の有志連合軍は、フーシ派からフダイダ港を奪還したいと望んでいるが、人道支援活動家らは、フダイダで戦闘が勃発すれば、イエメンにとっての主要なライフラインを封鎖しかねないと警告している。気候科学者や人道支援団体で構成される「飢饉早期警報システムズネットワーク」(FEWSNET)によると、有志連合軍による攻撃の噂が広まる中、フダイダへの食料輸入はすでに減少している。

対立する双方ともに、一方がイエメンへの食料援助を妨害し、その食料を迂回させていると非難している。しかし、国連の人道主義コーディネーターのジェイミー・マクゴールドリック氏は2月、ハフポストの取材に対し、フーシ派による人道的援助物資の「大規模な迂回」を見たことはないと明かしている。

「サウジ主導の有志連合軍は、大量の物資をフダイダ経由で輸入する活動を妨害している」とマクゴールドリック氏は指摘した。「彼らは輸送ラインを支配している。どの船が入港するのかを制御している」

フーシ派の背後にはイランの支援があると見ているトランプ政権は、前政権の政策を覆し、有志連合軍によるフダイダ奪還を支持している。ワシントン・ポストによると、ジム・マティス国防長官は3月、フダイダ攻撃を含む有志連合軍の作戦への「限定的な支援」は、「共通の脅威」との戦いを手助けすることになると述べた。

トランプ政権のイエメン政策の変更は、まだ小規模だが人数が増えてきている議員団との不和をもたらしている。議員たちは、サウジ主導のイエメン干渉でアメリカが果たしている役割に不快感を抱いている。アメリカからの支援を目的にしているにもかかわらず、サウジ主導の有志連合軍は学校病院葬列を爆撃し、多数の市民を殺害してきたからだ。

27日の書簡に署名したマーフィー、ダービンの両氏は5月初め、上院議員のランド・ポール(共和・ケンタッキー州)、アル・フランケン(民主・ミネソタ州)の両氏とともに、アメリカによるサウジアラビアへの軍事支援により厳格な条件を課す法案を提出した。

ハフポストUS版より翻訳・加筆しました。

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