ドイツ総選挙、難民問題はいま 迫る投開票日(現地レポート)

メルケル首相は4選濃厚、新興右派政党は初議席の勢い
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メルケル首相の写真を掲げる「キリスト教民主・社会同盟(CDU・CSU)」のポスター=2017年8月、ベルリン
Hannibal Hanschke / Reuters

ドイツの連邦議会(下院)選挙が、9月24日に投開票される。2015年秋に難民受け入れを決断して国際社会の喝采を浴びたメルケル首相の与党優勢が伝えられているなか、難民問題の現状はどうなっているのか、またどのくらい大きな争点となっているのか。難民支援に当たっている団体などに現地で聞いた。

「ドイツはヨーロッパ諸国の中で長年、難民を受け入れてきた伝統がありますが、2015年が極限状態でした」。

難民向けの法律相談や教育支援を行う「ヘッセン難民評議会」代表のティモ・シェレンバーグさんはそう語る。難民評議会はドイツ各地にあり、難民の相談に乗ったり政策提言をしたりもしている。

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「ヘッセン難民評議会」代表のティモ・シェレンバーグさん=フランクフルト
Huffpost Japan/Wataru Nakano

ヘッセン難民評議会のあるフランクフルトは西部ヘッセン州にあり、国際空港を抱え金融機関が集中、住民の約25パーセントが外国人の国際都市だ。フランクフルト中央駅の近くを歩くと、アフガニスタン料理店や食材店が目立ち、街中ではイスラム教徒が身につけるヒジャブ姿の女性が目についた。

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フランクフルト中心部の高層ビル街。欧州中央銀行など国際的金融機関が集中している
Huffpost Japan/Wataru Nakano

2015年夏、多数のシリア難民がヨーロッパに押し寄せた。メルケル氏は人道支援として寛容な受け入れ策を維持し、同年だけで約90万人の難民が流入。難民による犯罪が増え、反対する世論が高まったためメルケル氏は一時、国民から厳しく批判された。しかし、東欧諸国が国境管理を厳しくしたことなどで16年には難民の入国者数が28万人にまで激減したことから、メルケル氏の支持は回復した。

2015年には、ヘッセン州にも毎日何千人もの難民が押しかけた。「ドイツは豊かな国で、インフラもいい。難民を受け入れて一緒に社会を作っていくことは簡単ではないが、ドイツは学校や仕事もあります」。シェレンバーグさんはそう説明する。難民に認定されたら国が提供するドイツ語やドイツの習慣を学ぶコースを受ける。ただ、ドイツ語ができなければ仕事を得ることが難しという現実もある。

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難民キャンプの人たち=2015年9月、ミュンヘン
Michaela Rehle / Reuters

ドイツにはいくつの難民キャンプがあるのかシェレンバーグさんに尋ねると、「全国では数え切れませんが、ヘッセン州だけで100くらいでしょうか」と話す。何百人もが暮らす大きいキャンプはまれで、ほとんどが30〜50人程度。保護施設は家だけではなく、コンテナや学校の体育館も保護施設もある。

住居問題が一番大きい。プライバシーが低い場合が多く、難民たちは神経質になったり、時に攻撃的になったりする人もいる。また、難民認定されたらアパートなど新たな住居を探すことになるが、ドイツでは現在、家賃や不動産価格の高騰が問題となっており簡単ではない。住宅問題は、今回の総選挙では難民問題よりも大きな争点になっているという。

寛容な難民政策を進めるメルケル政権に対し、ドイツ国民からの支持は低くない。では総選挙を前に、シェレンバーグさんはメルケル氏をどう見ているのか。「シリア内戦による難民は2年は家族を呼び寄せることができないため、家族が離れ離れになります。ドイツに難民を来にくくする意図があるんでしょうか。またこの2年間は、国外に強制退去される難民も目立ってきました」と指摘する。

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「ヘッセン難民評議会」のアニタ・バリデマイさん
Huffpost Japan/Wataru Nakano

この難民評議会で難民コンサルタントを務めるアニタ・バリデマイさんは「特に最近は、アフガニスタン人が、見せしめ的に強制送還される例が目立ちます。自発的に帰国することを促そうとしているんです」と嘆く。

バリデマイさん自身、26年前に、2歳の時に旧ユーゴスラビアのコソボから逃れたきたムスリム(イスラム教徒)の難民だった。「アフガンからの難民申請者の半数が却下されています。難民認定のため弁護士をつけて裁判所に出向けと言っていますが、これって難しいですよ。政府はこれを改善しないといけません」と訴える。

■難民受け入れ反対の右派政党、初議席獲得の勢い

総選挙は4年に1度行われる。メルケル首相率いる中道右派「キリスト教民主・社会同盟」(CDU・CSU)が優位となっているものの、単独で過半数の議席を獲得するのは難しい情勢。選挙後に連立交渉が行われる見通しで、メルケル首相が4選される可能性が高いと報じられている。一方、第2党「社会民主党(SPD)」は厳しい戦いで、新興右派政党「ドイツのための選択肢」(AfD)が初めて議席を獲得しそうだという。AfDは難民の受け入れに反対しており、また反EU(欧州連合)・反イスラムでもある。

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シュツットガルトの街中に貼られた野党「緑の党」のポスター
Huffpost Japan/Wataru Nakano

ドイツでは2015年、自動車大手フォルクスワーゲンがアメリカの排ガス規制を逃れるため不正ソフトを搭載していたことが発覚。ハフポスト・ドイツ版の編集者などによると、これを受け、ガソリン・ディーゼルエンジン車の販売を禁止し、電気自動車(EV)への転換を進めるかも大きな争点の一つ。また、かつては東西ドイツが統一して東西の経済格差が大きかったが、今では南部に比べて北部の経済力が弱いという「南北問題」も、難民問題と並んで争点となっているという。

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Women Protest Cologne Sex Attacks(31 of31)
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COLOGNE, GERMANY - JANUARY 09: Protesters gather in front of Hauptbahnhof main railway station to protest against the New Year\'s Eve sex attacks on January 9, 2016 in Cologne, Germany. Over 100 women have filed charges of sexual molestation, robbery and in two cases, rape, stemming from aggressive groping and other behavior by gangs of drunken men described as Arab or North African at Hauptbahnhof on New Year\'s Eve. Police have recently stated that at least some of the men identified so far are refugees, which is feeding the propaganda of right-wing groups opposed to Germany\'s open-door refugee policy. Germany took in approximately 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015. (Photo by Sascha Schuermann/Getty Images) (credit:Sascha Schuermann via Getty Images)